History of Hauora Maori Trends and Paradigms

History of Hauora Maori Trends and ParadigmsStudent Name YI LIStudent ID 12010316Assessment Task 1 Plan and Research of Hauora Mari Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the present daya) IntroductionThe research is investigated the trend of Mari wellness which include the paradigms of malignant neoplastic indisposition, fleshiness and diabetes in from 1919 to the present day. Mari had the higher(prenominal) risk of vile from these health diseases than non-Mari race in Te Tai Tkerau (North kill). There is variety factors would affect these health issues, including cultural and historical socio-economic status, geographical place of residence, heathen identity. tally to Mari concept, Hauora is a Mari philosophy of health and well-bing unique to rude(a) Zealand, which include four accept Physical offbeat, Mental and Emotional wellbeing, Social Wellbeing and Spiritual wellbeing.The purpose of the research was to refer the traditional approaches to Hauora, the issues of access to primary and secondary health service. To analysis the health service system in new- do years of Te Tai Tkerrau area.b) methodologyResults of consultation with local iwi, hapu and whanauThe interview was holding on 1st October 2013 which included 10 Mari who is suffering breast sightcer, diabetes and obesity. Before the interview, the detective was calling to explain the research and the purpose of the interview, communicating the plan and related details for the interview and early(a) whanau members.A powhire was present. Then whaikorero was followed the karanga. A waiata was sung after each whaikorero by the group of the orator represents. Koha were exchanged in the midst of researcher and leader. Then was hongi and shared hakari.Notes were taken during the interview.Ethical and cultural considerations indoors a Hauora contextResearcher understands the importance determining and meeting cultural requirements, relevant legislation, and ethical practice.Request the permissio n of the leader and future support.An appointment was made before the interview.Mihi and pepeha were performed.Private information of the participants was kept confidentiality, their name, pictures, and interview nones and so on.Available recoursesHad interview with Whanau leader and membersMarae visitSocial Work Mari tutor instructionAccess to Northland District Health Board websiteData collectionOnline researchOnline research is a major(ip)(ip) variety of literature for the study of research methods. The researcher research the main ca accustom of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. As well as analysis the manifestations of three diseases.Statistical analysisStatistical analysis is for data collection, collation summary. To identify the Hauora Mari trends of the three distinguishable diseases. The data for this is from the New Zealand Health Survey, conducted for the Ministry of Health. The paradigm is draw up to battle array compare the data between Mari, Pacific and Non-Mari an d Non-Pacific who were living Te Tai Tokerau (Northland), during the 1980 to present day.Document analysisDocument analysis mainly refers to the collection, identification, organize the literature, and through literature research, scientific understanding of the facts forming method. Therefore, the learner researched the literature to find information about traditional approaches to hauora and issues of access to primary and secondary health services.Interview with the Whanau leaderThe five questions were asked which related to their recent health service supplier as belowAre you satisfied with the current health services?Do you have family doctor?Have you take upn your provider in spite of appearance the past 12 months?Do you usually going to a Mari primary health provider first when unwell or injured?What different of health service between in a flash and before?TikangaStudents used critical sk swoonings they had learned from discourse analysis to engage with participants tal k. Acknowledging Tikanga helped the researcher to know the appropriate tikanga for a situation in order to make participant feel comfortable during the Hui. In addition, questions were designed and translated from English language to te reo Mori me ng tikanga.c) Methodology According with Research Ethics and Tikanga MariCompete a literature reviewLiterature review was conducted by researching for Hauora Mori trends in Northland region. The information included diabetes, obesity and cancer.Sourcing of informationHapu leaders, whanau members, the internet, Tutors, lectures, documentProcedures for recording and analyzing informationRecording and analyzing were performed by notes, and computer.Maintained the timberland of information with regards to recording of EthnicityRecorded the consultation and discussion in where they took place.Presenting findingsFindings were reported with evidences.Power point is neededResearch findings are presented in papar.Assessment Task 2 Analyze Resear ch Regarding Hauora Mari Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the Present daylightCancerThe cells of Cancer (Cancer Rates-Wairarapa DHB, 2010)Main cause of CancerThe body in environmental pollution, chemical pollution Cancer is the bodys normal cells in a multi-cause, multi-stage and denary mutations caused by a class of diseases. Cancer is not the definitive communicable disease, but there is growing evidence that cancer does have a genetic predisposition, have some genetic relationshipManifestations of Cancer areTumor malignant proliferation of cancer cells are formed in the surface by strain or deep touch.Pain pain often prompts cancer has entered the middle and late.Ulcers Some cancer malignant wind harvest- clipping surface quickly, nutrient supply, the resulting tissue necrosis.Bleeding cancer vascular invasion or rupture of small blood vessels in cancer tissue generated.Obstruction rapid growth of cancerous tissue caused by obstruction.DiabetesDiabetes is a group is chara cterized by high blood sugar metabolic diseases. Hyperglycemia is due to the biological effects of insulin secretion or impaired, or both causes. Longstanding diabetes high blood sugar , leading to a variety of organizations , especially the eyes , kidneys , heart, blood vessels, nerves , chronic pervert , dysfunction .Main cause of DiabetesGenetic factorsType 1 or type 2 diabetes are obvious genetic heterogeneity. The presence of diabetes onset familial tendency, 1/4 to 1/2 patients had family history of diabetes.Environmental factorsEating too much, reduced physical activity due to type 2 diabetes, obesity is the most important environmental factors that have type 2 diabetes, genetic predisposition morbidity. Type 1 diabetes patients immune system abnormalities, in some viruses much(prenominal) as Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, parotid gland virus infection causes an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin cells.Manifestations of Diabetespolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight lossFatigue, weakness, obesity. More common in type 2 diabetes. corpulency(Photograph Steven Puetzer/Getty Images, 2009)Main cause of ObesityObesity is body fat, particularly triglycerides (triglycerides) as a result of excessive accumulation of a state. Usually because intellectual nourishment intake too much or cause a change in metabolism excessive accumulation of body fat, resulting in excessive growth of body weight and cause human path physiological changes. According to the different causes of obesity, obesity and obesity can be divided into two major categories of secondary obesity. No clear cause obesity may be related to genetics, diet and exercise habits and other factors.Manifestations of ObesityMental performance Obesity can lead to anxiety, depression, guilt, and so bad attitude, and even hostility to others.Physical performance such difficulty moving, panting, muscle fatigue, joint pain and swelling and other symptoms.The performance complication Different co mplications have their corresponding manifestations. Such as headache, dizziness, daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, memory loss and other symptoms.CancerFor total universe and Mari, by cancerous person1980-1999 declination years in NorthlandFor Mari, pacific and Non-M Non-p,Age-sex standardized rates per 100,000, ages 25+By cancer mortality,1980-1999 December years in Northland and other islandThe above tables were draw up to show the trend of cancer and cancer mortality during the period in Northland.We can see from the first figure, cancer rates for Mari are 16 per cent higher than non-Mari at the beginning, and continue increase steadily. However both Mari and non-Mari cancer rates declined between1996 to 99. During the whole period, Mari cancer rates endlessly higher than non-Mari group. In the second figure, the rate of cancer mortality of Mari group is always higher than Pacific and non-M, non-P people, and increase gradually. Cancers were causing 29 per cent of deaths in New Zealand. And the Mari with cancer have a higher risk of decease than non-Mari. Northland had significantly higher cancer death rates than nationally. The reason of the change was unhealthy behaviors can increase the risk of developing cancers.DiabetesFor total population and Mari, by diabetic1930-2010 December years in NorthlandThe chart above is drawn up to show the trend between Mari and non-Mari diabetic during 1930 to 2010. It can be seen that Mari are easier to suffer diabetes than non-Mari, it has a significant increased from 1930 to 1970, however it begin to drop slowly since 1970, until 2010 it has dropped 15 per cent during ten years. The non-Mari population has a significantly increase during 1950 to 1990, after that, it is get effective control in 2010. Even thought, Mari population who suffer from diabetic is still higher than non-Mari population.ObesityThe data below was collected in Adult Nutrition Survey and New Zealand Health Survey.For obesity, age-sex standardized rates per 100,000 ages 1-74 years, 1980-99.The chart above is to show the increase of obesity of two different population compare with Mari population from 1980 to 1999. The data was show that during 1980 to 1984 period, the Mari and Pacific population are closely the same, however, from 1985 to 1999, Mari population rapidly in creased, especially from year 1985.The growth rate of other two population groups never catch up with Mari groups.In traditional approaches to hauora from 1900 to 1940, government continued to subsidies doctors as native medical officers in Mari districts, and to supply native school teachers with medicines for their pupils. More and more hospitals were built. They were whole partially government-funded, and because of a perception that Mari land-owners did not contribute their fair share of rates, there was a tendency for hospital administrators to resent having to admit Mari patients. Although levels of immunity to new diseases had increased , and death rates were dropping, poor economic circumstances and unsatisfactory living conditions still made m both Mari susceptible to ill health.Traditional health practices were still very common in all Mari areas. In some districts people were reluctant to participate in any modern health programme, particularly programme that were associated with the government. This was the case in Taranaki and the Waikato, following land arrogations after the 19th-century wars. In the Urewera, too, the prophet Rua Knana chose to mildew for health overture independently of the government and the Mari councils. And also Many Mari were suspicious of hospitals, and found them unsympathetic to Mari cultural practices and values. A move at this time to establish Mari hospitals was unsuccessful.The issues access to primary and secondary health servicesNew Zealand settlement and the treaty of WaitangiThe settlers introduction of firearms and new infectious diseases had a major impact on death rate s among the Maris. However, the historical and socioeconomic context in relation to Mari mortality after the colonization of New Zealand, specifically Maris loss of land, was also important noted that death from disease did not occur to the same extent among those indigenous peoples who kept their land (such as in Samoa and Tonga) as among those who did not, because disruption of their economic base, food supplies, and social networks was far less widespread. For Maris, this disruption not only occurred via land confiscation made possible through acts of law but also extended to legislation in many other areas, including regulation of Mari rights and discrimination against the use of Mari language in schools, all of which have affected the health of Mari peopleMari health statusAfter reaching a low point of approximately 42000 in 1896, the Mari population began to increase in subsequent years. Government-initiated public health services and Mari-controlled health progress programs, including the appointment of Mari health inspectors to work within Mari communities, contributed to this gradual recovery. Also, decreases in mortality were probably influenced by the introduction of a national health care scheme and social welfare system in 1938, along with improvements in treatment methods.Health disparitiesA number of different explanations have been suggested for the inequalities in health between Maris and non-Maris. One common suggestion is that these differences are due to genetic factors. However, about 85% of genetic variation occurs randomly and is not related to race or ethnicity. The striking time trends in Mari mortality and morbidity during the 20th century demonstrate that environmental factors pushovered the major role. Thus, although genetic factors may contribute to differences in health status between Maris and non-Maris in the case of certain specific conditions, they do not play a major role in population and public health terms.Socioeconomic FactorsThe first studies to assess the role of socioeconomic factors and health status differences between Maris and non-Maris investigated mortality in men aged 15 to 64 years. 2123 The most recent of these analyses showed that Mari men were more than twice as likely as non-Mari men to die prematurely also, mortality rates among Mari men were significantly higher in each socioeconomic class grouping, and mortality differences among these men were greater within their own ethnic social class groups as well.Lifestyle factorsIt can be argued that lifestyle factors, such as smoking, represent one of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors affect health status. However they are interpreted, it is important to consider the extent to which differing lifestyles may account for differences in health status between Maris and non-Maris.DiscriminationThe role of discrimination and racism in harming health is not new but has received increase attention over the past 20 years. The Mari As thma Review reported that conscious or unconscious attitudes of health workers contribute to reluctance by Maris to seek medical care for their asthma until it is absolutely necessary. Another study reported barriers to accessing diabetes care among Maris, including unsatisfactory previous encounters with professionals and experiences of disempowerment. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Mari patients than for non-Mari patients, and Maris may be less likely than non-Maris to be referred for surgical care.The interview answer is now analysis as belowThe above table was draw up to show the interview answers which related to their primary and secondary health service. Most of the interview were satisfied with the currently health service, they usually visit the GP once a year, and they usually going to a Mari primary health provider first when they feel unwell as they are closest, especially, the Mari GP is understand their culture. They w ill to spend more time discussing with patients, and offered special services that they need. They verbalise the service is much cheaper than before.Assessment task 3 Present Your Findings and Explain aPresent Day Health Priority for MariAccording to the analysis, the Health services and quality differences may raise inequalities in disease survival rates, but generally not the incidence. For example The main exception is Cervical cancer, and to a lesser extent, colorectal cancer and breast cancer, wherein Screening can detect precancerous lesions, thus reducing cancer Incidence. For this reason, these diseases incidence of the differences between minority or different ethnic groups to a great extent, reflects the differences in social conditions and way of life, and can be used as a integral or marked differences. Therefore, in these disease incidences trend of inequality analysis can evaluate our success, to reduce social inequality and assist the development of health and broa der social policy. This analysis also provides a planning tool, considering the future development and funding cancer services, to the trend of the past to predict the future trajectory. Trend about risk factors, can also be incorporated into the forecasting model, to improve the accuracy of the prediction.Mari health status is generally worse than that of non-Mari where information is available. It validates the need to priorities Mari health gain and development in order to reduce and eliminate health inequalities that currently exist. The developments of Mari health research priorities need much funding to support and big investment funds of time in a wide range and strict cooperation in wider New Zealand community, policy makers and health workers (including health workers). The role of health researchers will be convenient.ReferenceHawkes Bay District Health Board (2010), HBDHB Health Status Review Diabeteshttp//www.google.co.nz/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=3ved=0CD8Q FjACurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawkesbay.health.nz%2Ffile%2Ffileid%2F36070ei=hk5WUu6xM4f2lAWXpYDACQusg=AFQjCNElsdtOGvhoBCBNQCx40rPvYNBnuwsig2=fik4IgIX4RHQc_TCl-FVyQMinistry of Health (2013), National Cancer Programme work plan 2013/14,http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-cancer-programme-work-plan-2013-14Ministry of Health (2006), Mortality and Demographic.http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/mortality-and-demographic-data-2006Ministry of Health (2010), Cancer New registrations and deaths.http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/cancer-new-registrations-and-deaths-2010National Ethnic Population Projections 2006 (base) 2026http//www.stats.govt.nz/searchresults.aspx?q=Mari%20population%20projectHealth need Assessment Northland District Health Board For the Ministry of Health. (n.d.). center for public health research See more at http//reffor.us/index.phpsthash.n8DdYfxD.dpufCore Health (2013) Patient Rights, Retrieved http//www.gorehealth.co.nz/rights-and-responsibilities/Melanie Jord an (2008) financial support Indiciduals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Spectrum Disorders Quality Employment Practices, Retrievedhttp//www.communityinclusion.org/article.php?article_id=266AppendicesYI LI 12010316 1