The Ganges River Essay Example for Free

The Ganges River EssayThe Ganges River is very(prenominal) sacred to the Hindus. This river starts in the Himalayas and flows across the northern break dance of India and into Bangladesh and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges River flows a total of 1,557 miles and provides water for southern Tibet, northern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. This is a very important river for everyone, especially the Hindus, but f we do not take c atomic number 18 of it entrust be destroyed by pollution.The Hindus use the Ganges River to cleanse their sins. They believe that the goddess Ganga came to earth in the form of a river, and if they bathe in it their sins will be cleansed. Millions of Hindus come long ways to cleanse themselves in the river each year.The Hindus believe that if you die while in the river, you are guaranteed a place in paradise. This river also provides nutrients for the farms it passes through. The tributariesof the Ganges supports about 300 billion peop le. Many of these people do not even know that their river is be polluted.The Ganges River runs along a few big cities. Factories in this city along the coast are spilling pollutants into the river. With the growing population, pollution is not slowing down. It is estimated that 230 million gallons of sewage are cosmos put into the river each day. This river is becoming more polluted as the population gets larger and the amount of waste increases.If a very strong effort is not put in to helping save this river it will not be able to help anybody. Some efforts are being made to clean up the Ganges river. In 1986, a project for 250 million dollars was made to try to clean up the river. To deal with the population problem, incentives are given to families with two children or less. Still the average family has three to four children. More of an effort to restore this river needs to be made or else it will be destroyed.If this river does get destroyed it will devastate many people, es pecially the Hindus. Some people believe it is already to polluted to clean up. Better ways of controlling their pollution will need to be made to save this river.

Sexual Harrasment Essay Example for Free

Sexual Harrasment EssayHe is trying to make her feel if she doesnt continue the relationship with him it impart cause a big problem and impart spoil her name in society. He is forcing her to continue the relationship only with him. Linda offers sexual favors to her professor in order to train a passing grade. The professor agrees, and Linda receives a passing grade. Even though Linda offers sexual favors without professor compulsion, this is also a Sexual Harassment. Because, the professor is making use of Lindas need to get passing grade. It clearly shows that Linda will get only passing grade if she does the sexual favor. A admit or request for sexual favor to do anything is clearly a sexual harassment. bloody shame, a supervisor, asks her male employee, Stan, to join her for dinner so they have will some quiet time away from the office to go over his performance evaluation. We be not clear about the intention of Mary here. If Mary really asks Stan to join her for dinner to discuss his performance evaluation it is good. Even if she discuss about performance, if she force Stan to join her for dinner it is harassment.It seems like, if Stan joins her for dinner, then only she is voluntary to go over his performance evaluation. Bob, a supervisor, makes comments about on a regular basis to his secretary, Susan, about how she is dressed for the day. Comments about clothing, personal behavior, or a persons body are also one form of Sexual harassment. Bobs comments on Susans dress for the day are Verbal Sexual Harassment. A customer in a restaurant grabs the rear end of a waitress. She complains about the customer to the manager, who says, Ignore it, youll probably get bigger tip. Manager asking his waitress to ignore it for bigger tip is clearly the sexual harassment. Because, Manager is not willing to lose his customer on behalf of this and he is also encouraging these things to happen. Don posts pictures of scantily clothed women on his office walls. Th is is a more pervasive form of sexual harassment involving play conditions or behavior that make the work environment hostile for the woman to be in. Display of pornography or sexist/obscene graffiti is an showcase of a hostile work environment. This is also one of the forms of Sexual Harassment.

Strategic Marketing at Coca Cola

strategical mart at coca plant pot1.0 origin Background coca locoweed Company is cardinal of the leading manufacturers of sort potcapable in the whole human. coca plant green goddess was launched in May 1986 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta Georgia. The name Coca green goddess was suggested by Dr. Pembertons bookkeeper, bounder Robinson. He reserved the name Coca Cola in the f scummying script that is intimately-known today. The Coca Cola is nigh important manufacturer, martplaceer, and distri merelyor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, commwholey in the mankind, which ar used to produce nearly 500 beverage brands that make up for its wide portfolio. The trade which I shall be examine is the velvety imbibing food market in the UK, although I think its important that I consider the whole market including soft drinks and zippo drinks. This is because soft drinks and competency drinks atomic make sense 18 competing with other alcoholic mix er, (2008).This report leave contract on a cross instruction part of this market and I concord chosen the market leader for stimulant drinks, Coca Cola. I shall be examining merchandise planning process, and its activities and justifications. Also, merchandising environment is included, Internal audit, External audit, macro environment, and looking at the result with PESTLE, uprise Analysis (Internal strengths and weaknesses). Furthermore, It Includes Porters five forces and Ansoffs intercellular substance, BCG Matrix and other beams and techniques. At the end, I nonplus given three marketing options and recommended attempt after these bibliography.2.0 Strategic selling plan ProcessStrategic marketing is a process in which to develop a strategy to cope with competitors, identify market opportunities, develop and exploit crude products and services, allocate resources among marketing activities and design an appropriate organisational structure to ensure the performance desired is achieved. Corporate strategy is a process in which approach to future that charters examination of the original and anticipated factors associated with nodes and competitors and the firm itself, aligning policies, practices, and resources to realize that vision, (2010). Planning and plans argon dickens truly motley concepts. Planning refers to the process of underdeveloped a coherent plan, while the plan is the placeput from the process. A successful marketing campaign must incorporate strategic marketing planning. Strategic marketing planning is the process of researching a market and its environment to determine the target market. It involves determining what the target market wants and the types of messages that resonate with that audience. market placeing is one of the disclose elements in addition to other functions without which the conjunction cannot get success. Therefore, marketing planning is a habilitate of document in which details of action is gi ven to achieve the objects set by the management for a period of one or up to five course of instruction. It could be based on selling of any kind of product. Its very important to father a very aggressive plan if you are not an introducer of brisk product and still you want to grab the market, (2010).2.1 market Planning BenefitsMarketing plan comes through a long process, it starts from a single department and ends up to management decision, plan must be eternally deal easy to get wind for management to approved it and realize the facts of market strategies for what they want from customer. Coca Cola always makes a attractive marketing plan which always looks different from others, for now this marketing plan which is very supportive for the organisation is just because it meets the command of customer in a very smart way like they introduced a new Cherry nose candy facial expression which is they want to be market the product by new style which a customer attract and al so get some benefited for an organisation. If the plan is according to organisation and customer then it is easy to take decision for management.Plan should be slopped and productive for organization.Plan should be not so long time process and not to be very costly.Plan should be as per new techniques and 3D type as per new generation likePlan should be process after researchPlan should be shows new market prices, long life and skill full.If the plan is according to companies favour so there is no any chance that it could be rejected. Always approach will be positive to make the plan competitive and advance. Coca Cola always looks in those matter which are highly skilled, attractive and sincere with the organisation, to light upon the agreement for strategic plan for organization is a very important role for marketing department to extent their plans which are still are in favour of organisation and as before management like the approach to get always new marketing styles, the o utdo approach for management is that to produced their best efforts to capture the market because now a days there are so more competitors in the market if they lack in the advertisement or progress or introducing in new products then it could be easy for other competitors to overcome, (2010).Marketing Planning ProcessThere are ten stages of the Strategic Marketing Planning Process which are given bellow in tables.Table 1 The Marketing Planning Process peaksDescription decimal point 1 Mission StatementAt this stage the board establish a long-term vision for the association. This entails communicating a memorable statement easily dumb by employees and other expose stakeholders.Stage 2 Corporate ObjectivesAt Corporate Objectives the organisation setup the desired aim of profitability, demarcation boundaries, such(prenominal) as products/markets, facilities and coat of labour force and other corporate objectives, such as social responsibility, corporate delineation, stock mark et image, employer image, etc.Stage 3 Marketing AuditMarketing Audit is a structured review of your current marketing activities. It is a systematic review of all the outdoor(a) and internal factors that fix affected a companys commercial performance over a defined period.Stage 4 SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organisation and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors.Stage 5 AssumptionsAt this stage assumptions are do on the basis of marketing audit and swot analysis. Marketing manager must keep in mind it should not too broad.Stage 6 Marketing Objectives and StrategiesIn this stage the objectives and strategies relate to the companies products/services and brands and to the markets you currently/ propose to operate in. Objectives are about decid ing what you are offering (selling) and to whom. Strategies are about how you are going to achieve these things.Stage 7 Estimate Expected ResultsAt this stage to employ judgement, analogous experience, product line tests and so on. Also, to test out the feasibility of the objectives and strategies in terms of market tract, be, profits and so on.Stage 8 Identify Alternative Plans and MixesIn a strategic marketing plan, It is normally at this stage board identifies alternative plans and mixes are considered.Stage 9 BudgetThe budget is the process of documenting the expected costs of the proposed marketing plan. To justify all marketing expenditures from a zero base each year against the task that you wish to accomplish. In reality budgets are practically incremental, that is, they are based on what was spent in the previous year.Stage 10 First Year Detailed Implementation programThis may involve spending money on advertising, launching new products, interacting with potential new customers, opening new retail outlets etc. Its major function is to determine where the company is, where its wanted to go and how it can get there. It should be used as an aid to effective management, (McDonald 2006, p. 379-393).I have described all activities and justification in the Marketing Planning Process which are given bellow in table.Table 2 Activities and Justification in the Marketing Planning ProcessStageActivitiesJustificationStage 1 Mission StatementBoard meetingsObjectives discussionTarget of the companyMotivate employees and customersLack of motivation and outputIt gives the direction to the companyStage 2 Corporate ObjectivesFinancial forecastProvide long-term stabilityProfitability of the productsPredict financial forecastingOverall company operationsIt gives review policies and desired level of profitabilityStage 3 Marketing AuditMarketing environment objectivesPerform STEEPLE AnalysisCompetition and Market shareCompetitive advantagesExamine internal and externa l information and proceduresLife cycles for major products and for market segmentsPolicies and competitive advantages of other organisationStage 4 SWOT AnalysisTrend in the marketKnowledge of the businessValue added by competitorsSetting objectives and strategiesData CollectionFocusing internal and external key factors such as, internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats.A summary of reasons for good and bad performanceStage 5 AssumptionsGovernment policiesEconomic dataMajor competitors damage competitionIt is made on planning environmentPick the right market and sell the right productsIt emphasises on success factorsStage 6 Marketing Objectives and StrategiesSales promotion objectivesMarketing objectivesPricing objectivesAdvertising objectivesSocial responsibilityMarketing objectives and Strategies are made on marketing planAdvertising, pricing and promotion service levelsHighlight sales value, sales volume, percentage penetration of outletsStage 7 Esti mate Expected ResultsEmploy judgmentAnalogous experience athletic field testGap analysis on actual and desired resultsTo test out the viability of market shareAt this level managers set the expected resultsStage 8 Identify Alternative Plans and MixesMotivate alternative strategiesPromote mixesManage the businessChoose the best tacticsUnderstand what market forms and what doesnt workFrom alternative plans managers select best suitable planStage 9 BudgetAdvertising cost and expensiveZero baseEmphasis on yearly marketing budgetSpend their budget more efficiently and effectivelyGet smart about market every year they are in businessBudget prepare by board of director and marketing managers.Stage 10 First Year Detailed Implementation ProgrammeCustomer plansSales promotion plansGoals are divided into sub goals.Market plans(McDonald 2006, p. 379-393)Target their primary customerFocus on achieving specific objectivesIn sub goals include pricing plans product plans, promotional plans and ma rket plans with objectivesThe External Market Audit and External Environment (Macro) AnalysisIn this section of the report, I have used some data, of tools and techniques that are relevant to Coca Colas current situation relevant examples. External environment is important to marketing decision making. Initially, I have shown data on market share and development of UKs soft drink markets.3.1 External AuditFor scanning external audit and external (macro) environment of Coca Cola I have used Porters five forces. In this part of report to scanning soft drink position in the UKs soft drink market dickens tables are given.Table 1 Market share in UK soft drink market in 2010Name of Brand% of market shareCoca Cola44Pepsi23Cadbury16Fruit Juice9.4Other Drinks8From the above table of UK soft drink market share in 2010, it is clear that Coca Cola is the market leader among competitors. Coca Cola hold 44% of soft drink market share whereas Pepsi is in the second position by holding just now 2 3% (2010).Table 2 market ripening in UK soft drink market in the midst of 2009 to 2010Name of Brand2009 (% of market share)2010 (% of market share)% of branchCoca Cola43441Pepsi2423-1Cadbury15161Fruit Juice99.40.04Other Drinks98-1From the above table we can see Coca Cola and Cadbury have the most significant growth rate by 1% in the last year and Pepsi and other drinks lose their share by -1%. Fruit Juice has only 0.04% growth in last year.For analysing external market in this part, I have given Porters (1985) five forces model which is given belowBarriers to Entry It involves magnificence of economy of scale, for example, a new Coca Cola drinks.Challenging with established brands, for example, Coca Cola, food Coke.High upfront capital costs or ratified requirements, for example, intellectual property harborion, factories etc.UKs soft drink market is established by some well known brands, such as, Pepsi, Cadbury, Fruit succus etc. It is very difficult to enter in this market b y other competitors.Coca Cola has a long history of heavy advertising and this has made it enormous amount of brand equity and fast(a) customers entire over the world.Substitutes It containsLarge numbers of substitutes, for example, coffee, beer, juices, water etc are available in the market for customers but it is countered by brand equity, huge advertising, and making their product easily available for customers.Coca Cola expand its business in the UK by offering substitutes it selves to protect Coca Cola from competition.Its products and services can be easily substituted with another type of product and service such as public transport being used instead of private transport.Buyer Power It consists ofLarge amount of buyers, for example, Wal-Mart or Tesco.Undifferentiated brands and low switching costs.As there are many soft drinks in the UK, so the bargaining power of buyer is extremely very high.Buyers ability to walk away or get an alternative, if buyer does not satisfied wit h our products or services he can get an alternative products or services.Supplier Power It includesSupplier does not depend on one or a small amount of buyers.Supplier product is necessary to buyer.In the UK, soft drinks bargaining power of supplier is low, as the market size is large so suppliers always want to keep contracts by providing low price.A large number of buyers but a small number of suppliers. to the highest degree of the times raw materials needed to pee concentrate are basic commodities, for example, colour, flavour, additives, sugar etc. Basically, these are the main commodities.Existing Competitors It computes the degree of competition between existing competitors. Rivalry will be higher ifIn the UK, there are a huge amount of similar sized companies, for example, Pepsi, Robina, Red son of a bitch etc.Competitors can lead to a dynamic periods of aggressive pricing and promotion in war for customers.Products and services are supposed as a commodity by consumers an d resulting in low switching cost for consumers.3.2 External (macro) Environment AnalysisPESTEL Analysis for external (macro) environment of Coca Cola. PESTEL Analysis undertaken to understand local, global factors influencing business and potential opportunity and threats. Here PESTEL analysis given bellow in a tableTable 1 PESTEL Analysis policy-makingEconomicalNational GovernmentRegulatory bodiesTrade AssociatesGovernment StabilityNewly IndustrialisedEmployment LawCritical Global Market all-important(a) governmental up to nowtsMarket StructureGovernment PolicyTaxationInterest RatesPersonal Saving RatesMoney SupplyInflation governing IncomeSocial-CulturalTechnologicalPopulation DemographicsCultureAttitudes to Work and LeisureCurrent IssuesIncome DistributionSocial MobilityLifestyle ChangesLevel of EducationProductsMaterials / ComponentsProcessesDistribution / Spending on exploreMarketing/AdministrationRates of ObsolescenceNew Discoveries / Developments / Product InnovationsLega lEnvironmentalCompetition LawHealth and SafetyEmployment LawNational and World LegislationTrading PoliciesRegulatory BodiesGlobal WarmingEnvironmental IssuesLocal and National IssuesCurrent and Future Environmental Legislative ChangesRecycling ConsiderationsSource http//www.slideshare.net/Jackieken/the-marketing-audit-download-pptPolitical Factors Coca Cola operates globally and their performance is influenced by the political stability and instability of these countries. There is currently political stability in the UK and Coca Cola business is flourishing, (2010).Economical Factors High inflation in any of the counties will cause the price of Coca Cola to rise and consumption of Coca Cola may fall. The UK economy is recovering from recession and employment level is rising people will consume more Coca Cola products, (2010).Social Factors Consumers in the different counties will have different taste and perception about Coca Cola. In the UK the brand is known for quality products a nd marketing it will be easier, (2010).Technological Factors The present environment is technological driven and the need for dynamic development. Coca Cola has got experienced research and development (RD) team who find out new technologies to improve productivity, (2010).Legal Factors The Coca Cola Company gets all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every invention and product developments are always going into the copyright process, (2010).Environmental Factors According to the data of the Coca Cola Company, all the services are strictly approved according to the environmental laws inflicted by the government, (2010).3.3 Changes in the External (Macro) EnvironmentThe Coca Cola Company has faced many changes in the external environment that have changed the management of the company. During the World War II, the Coca Cola was able to continue the position of the company, at the same time. The Coca Cola was able to enter fresh markets despite of the environme nt. The company turned out to be more aggressive through supplying free drinks for the GIs in the World War II. During this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone. First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a loyal symbol by the United States soldiers in which guided to consumer loyalty. Second, the Coca Cola was able to get benefit of the situation and determined the product in newly occupied countries by the Helper forces and due to the company created plants in different locations in the whole World paving the method for its post war expansion.Another thing is that, the external environment is the change of flavour and believes of the consumers. In the mid-1980s where the Americans favoured the sweet flavour of the competitor product, the company made its complement but it turned into a commercial failure. Coca Cola changed its management strategy and restored the old formula, and just changed its name, such as, Coca Cola Classic. After th at Coca Cola got its position again and it released latest versions of Coke that address the necessarily of these kinds of customers, These products are included by Diet Coke and Coca Cola Zero.According to Bool, (2008) companies, for example, Coca Cola is necessary to change due to trends that have a huge impact on its business another trend is health and fitness. Many people are spending extra money on their health In addition, Coca Cola launched its new products which are a calorie burning soft drinks, such as, Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and Coke. Furthermore, Coca Cola is working together with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca Cola is contracting with innovation and change. For the duration of the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca Cola was also prompted to change its courses of management in that specific region. The responses and reactions of Coca Cola with the external environment are its internal changes.Organisational Change Management This theory presents a general process for managing the change in the side of the people at an organisational level (Kotter, 1996). According to Hiatt and Creasey, the organisational change management is contains three stages, which are, preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change. The theory of organisational change management was efficiently used by Coca Cola. Various managers in different branches of the World have operated organisational change management in order to address the matters that the Coca Cola faced. According to the current stage, the main emphasis of the Coca-Cola is to get the needs of their consumers with outstanding product developing and product distribution. Coca Colas change management is very weak since Coca Cola forecasted that there are a number of marketing challenges in the near future that they have to face.3.4 Internal Audit (SWOT Analysis Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis of Coca Cola)This part of report provides information about current and previous years profit and los s news report data, market share data, performance graph which have indicated internal or operational strengths and weaknesses of current marketing strategy and BCG Matrix.Table 1 Profit and Loss AccountYear ended 31, December2010(millions)2009(millions)2008(millions)Net operating revenues21,959 ($35,119)19,377 ($30,990)19,974 ($31,944)Gross profit14,022 ($22,426)12,011 ($19,209)12,862 ($20,570)Operating income5,283 ($8,449)5,146 ($8,231)5,281 ($8,446)Income before taxes8,906 ($14,243)5,593 ($8,946)4,693 ($7,506)Profit after tax7,415 ($11,859)4,318 ($6,906)3,673 ($5,874)Source http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/pdfs/form_10K_2010.pdfProfit and loss account indicates operational excellence of current marketing strengths. We see a consistent growth in the profit margin. In 2009 profit after tax was 4,318 and in 2010 it became 7,415. It is increased by 3,097 million pounds in a year.Market share of UKs soft drinks Analysing market share of UK soft drinks, it is clear that Coc a Cola is the market leader by getting 44% of total market.The comparative positioning of Coca Colas market share with respect to other leading players in the market has been illustrated as follows, (2010).Figure 1 Coca Cola and other competitors Market piece of groundPerformance Graph Performance graph of Coca Cola and Pepsi over the last five years can be summarised with the help of growth in following key indicators, (2010).Figure 2 Coca Cola Last Five Years Market GrowthThis graph clearly shows that Coca Cola in 2006, it was slight increase in profit margin but in 2007 it was slightly decrease. From 2008 to 2010 market growth of Coca Cola was increase year by year.Internal Strengths of Current Marketing StrategyCoca-Cola has been an intricate part of American culture for over a century. The products image is laden with sentimentality, and this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart.Coca Cola is a very recognizable firm. Its products/brands are available everywhere in the World. Its popularity is one of greater strength is virtuallyincomparable.Coca Cola deals with huge amounts of money every year. Similarly, whole businesses they have had their ups and downs monetarily, but Coca Cola has done very well in this section and Coca Cola will go on to do well and make check than its competitors (Pepsi). The money they are earning, it is significantly better than most beverage companies (competitors), they use into their own company so that they can get well, (2010).Everybody is knownvery well Coca Cola in the World. Its image is displayed on hats, collectible memorabilia and t-shirts. There is no doubt,no beverage firm (competitor) compares to Coca Colas social popularity status. And this extremely recognizable branding is one of Coca-Colas greatest strengths, (2010).Even though, Coca Cola controls almost 44% of the whole drinks market, the changing health-consciousness attitude of the market could have a serious effect on Coca Cola.In addition, a ccording to Bettman (1998), Coca-Colas bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time suffer a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and managed by independent business people who are authorized to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Because, Coke does not have outright ownership of its bottling network, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers, (2010).Internal Weaknesses of Current Marketing StrategyCoca Cola has many weaknesses they need to be finished these weaknesses, if they want to increase the next level. Now a days, constant shift to health products, some products could probably lose customers. This fresh focus on weight and health might be a problem for the item that is labelled detrimental to your health, (2010).Coca-Cola has recently reported some declines in unit case volumes in Indonesia and Thailand due to reduced consumer purchasing pow er. According to an article in (Fortune magazine), in Japan, unit case sales fell 3% in the second quarter scary because of Japan produces around 5% of worldwide volume, it contributes three times as much to profits. Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Japan account for about 35% of Cokes volume and none of these markets are performing to expectation (Mclean, 1998).Word of mouth unluckily is something that is very difficult to control. Although, people would have their views, Coca Cola has to try to control their negative views. If bad views are extinguish to people who have yet to try Coca Cola products, after that could create lost of customers which shows why word of mouth is a weakness, (2010).Coca Cola produces many drinks, some are very popular such as, Coke, Diet Coke and Sprite but Coca Cola has approximately made 500 different types of brands, such as, carbonates, energy drinks, sports drinks, fruit juices, water etc. Most of them extraterrestrial being and rarely seen for available purchase. These drinks do not mostly taste bad, but are rather a result of low profile or nonexistent advertising, (2010).As we know, health is a significant matter in 21st century. Coke have high level of sugar and caffeine content.Boston Consulting meeting Matrix (BCG Matrix)The BCG matrix method is the theory to determine list of priorities that should be given in the product portfolio of a business unit. There are two dimensions should be analyzed in the implementation of this method market share and market growth. There are four characters in this diagram represent four categories of products in companys portfolio, which are given bellow.Stars It represents the products that have a high market growth and high market share. Products in this row usually need a fairly high cost in the process of development. For example, Coca Colas bottled water (Dasani).Question Marks It represents the products that have a high market growth and low market share. In this mob, produc ts have the worst cash characteristics because they have high level of the demand but low returns because of their low market share. For example, Coca Colas energy drink brand (Full Throttle).Cash Cows Cash cows represent the products that have low market growth and high market share. In this class products should have huge level of profits and cash generation. In order to achieve that result, company should keep their level of investment low because the market growth for these products also low. Such as, namesakes soft drink (Coca-Cola).Dogs Dogs represent the products that have low market growth as well as market share. Products in this category will absorb a lot of cash but low level of returns because low provided market share and weak market growth. For example, sweetened juice drinks (Hi-C), (2010).Coca Cola would use income from Coke to invest their generally in Dasani and Full Throttle, whereas, looking to sell off Hi-C to some private equity gunstock with huge amount of c ash on its hands. It is able to standard product life cycle tends to have five stages which are given bellow.DevelopmentIntroductionGrowthMaturityDeclineAs a result, Coca-Cola is presently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced mainly by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable consumers. In addition, cost management, product differentiation and marketing contain more important as growth slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. In international markets the product life cycle is in more of a growth trend Cokes advantage in this section is primarily due to its establishment strong branding and it is now able to use this part of stable profitability to support financially the domestic Cola Wars, (2010).4.0 Ansoffs MatrixThis Matrix was developed by Igor Ansoff it is one of the most well known frameworks for deciding upon strategies for growth. It is a tool that helps the company to decide their product and market growth strategy. It is deter mined by two scopes of option which are products and markets. It consists of market penetration, product development, market development and diversification.Market Penetration Selling more of an existing product to an existing market. It is going deeper into a market, such as, coke and diet coke. Coca Cola in UK is doing market penetration through the selling its products to the business buyers and retailers who are huge multinational organizations like Tesco, Asda, McDonalds, Subway, KFC and many more.Market Development Selling an existing product in a new market, for example, taking out various bottle sizes to attract different buyers. It is called market development. Many flavours of Coca Cola are not being sold in every shop, retailer market and other business buyers. Coca Cola can develop a new market if they introduce those flavours in their market.Product Development Selling a new product to an existing mark

The Distribution Channels Of Movies Media Essay

The Distribution Channels Of Movies Media EssayThestatistical distribution of a painting is the process by which a picis made available to watch for an earreachby a ask allocator. The current entertainment market is plagued by the abundance of product, platform and technology. In order to gain a footing in the new world of cinema, it is necessary to view an understanding of each of these elements. World trends indicate that younger generations be consuming digital content at an new rate. New technology is changing the way people consume media. With on demand technologies offering an unprecedented level of consumer control over content and believe platform, traditional media advertising and marketing campaigns can no keen-sighteder reach the masses. Movies extradite to be distributed by means of a scattershot approach to reach the consumers through different medium.The motive behind doing this project was to understand the end to end distribution system of cinemas. There are a lot of channel partners as hale as stakeholders involved in the distribution of movies from the producers to the end viewers. We have discussed the different distribution methods which include On Demand, Internet Distribution, Home Entertainment and Theatres. unessential Research has been done on how at that place has been a rise in overseas distribution as well as internet distribution of movies. We have discussed the pros and cons of different kinds of distribution methods and also how physical distribution is losing out to the others due to certain factors. Piracy in movies has been a major deterrent in fresh years and a lot of pr all the sametive steps have been taken by the theatre owners as well as the government to prevent them as it cuts down the overall revenue that a movie generates.With the advent of digital distribution, a lot of new channels have come across much(prenominal) as home video, internet and wandering(a) thereby opening new sources of revenue for the f ilm industry. We have discussed how these new channels can be leveraged upon by the movies industry.INTRODUCTIONThedistribution of amovie is the process through which amovieis made available to watch for anaudienceby afilm distributor. Although distribution is one of the end points in the value chain of the film business, it is of utmost importance because goofing up at this stage means that the film, however well made, will be a flop at the Box Office.A number of different distribution methods have come up which include the future(a)On Demand Here in the consumer is able to access the particular media they are interested in and bribe it or rent it at the clip and device of their own choice. On demand platforms include Television and Set up Boxes.Internet Distribution of Feature tears The main types of distribution are downloading, downloading renting and streaming. In Downloading and Downloading Rentals, consumers can store the movie in their hard drive permanently or temporar ily respectively. Streaming involves viewing of the movie as long as the device is switched on.Home Entertainment DVDs and Blu ray disk are major source of revenues for film producers to recoup production, publicity and advertising cost for their boast films. Consumers can enjoy the experience of watching the movie in their home theatres.Theatres This is the traditional method of reservation the movie available for the masses. Typically a distributor buys the right for a particular territory and recovers his cost through the exhibition of the movie in theatres. A new development is happening in this quadrangle with the invention of digital copies of the movies replacing the traditional reels. It brings in a lot of flexibility and convenience for transporting and reproducing movies and also maintaining the same movie quality throughout unhomogeneous territories. In addition, it even brings about considerable monetary and time savings.LITERATURE REVIEWtitleOBJECTIVESGaining distr ibution is believed to be a problem for marketers of products sold in retail stores. But this issue impacts many businesses including companies selling goods in the business-to-business market and those selling services. Marketers also face problems when seeking distribution channels for their products. Yes, the products here are movies, which in some ways are really classified as services (i.e., entertainment) when shown in movie theatres and then become goods when made available for purchase (e.g., DVDs, digital download), but the problems experienced here are common to many types of marketers.Our main objective in the project is To understand the various stake holders in the process of distributing movies To understand the various channels in the end to end process of distribution To understand the role of digital medium in movie distributionRESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch methodology requires gathering relevant data from the various documents, websites, film journals from whichever sources possible and compiling them in order to study the material and arrive at a more complete understanding of movie distribution and answer following IsssuesHow Digital medium changing movie distribution.How TV is impacting movie distributionHow online streaming eg. Youtube etc. are changing face of movie distributionHow above points can be leveraged by movie distributors to improve their distributionhttp//static.ddmcdn.com/gif/movie-distribution-flow.gifSECONDARY DATA COLLECTIONIndia has about 15,000 theatres enjoying a weekly admission of about 100 cardinal people or 5000+ million per year. Distributors are the last link in the movie chain which takes films to the people. With post production accounting for 20% of the film budget and taking 20% of the add time, any savings in this would go directly to the bottom line. Digitalization has the potential to bring in the desired savings and drive up clams substantially.Current Movie Distribution ModelPiracy in Movie IndustryA new report Economic Contribution of Indian Film and Television Industry by PricewaterhouseCooperssaid the film industry was in fact significantly impacted by online piracy. In 2008, piracy cost the Indian film industry $959 million and about 571,000 jobs. KPMG has also placed the film piracy rate at 60%.Report 1Analyses the digital distribution of films moviesDigitization is helping film makers reach out to a wider audience distribution of content across many platforms like home video, internet and mobile apart from conventional theatrical platforms leading to higher revenue generationDigitization across the distribution value chain has enabled content repurposing across platforms, making distribution of niche content feasibleDistribution of revenues across the value chain has become more transparentAvailability of digital prints has significantly reduced the release window for each delivery platform Helped in reduction of the time taken to reach tier 2 and tier 3 cities through th eatrical releaseReport 2Report talks about Collaboration with International Studios. For e.g. In 2011, Viacom18 entered into a deal with global movie ships company Paramount Pictures to market and distribute Paramounts movies in India, Bangladesh and Sri LankaInternational Collaboration helps local film production by expanding their international reach and incorporates enhanced project supplying and cost controlsFor e.g. My Name is Khan was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures in unexplored markets like USA, with innovations such as taking the lead actors to ring the opening bell of NASDAQ stock exchangeANALYSIS AND RESULTSDigital distribution is enabling distribution across various platforms such as home video, internet and mobile on with the traditional theatrical platform. It helps up in opening new revenue models for the film industry. In addition to the economic benefits brought about by the digitization of films, there are logistics issues which are being simplified wit h the advent of this technology.CONCLUSIONThrough this project study, not only the various channels for distribution of movies in India have been studied but the impact of technology on the distribution methods adopted has also been gauged. It can be very well inferred that the cost of distribution has kaput(p) down and the penetration of the product (movies) has increased the distribution has become economical and convenient without any damage to the quality. With the advent of technology, movies are now available even on the TV through channels like Video on Demand. However, piracy still looms large and the current distribution channel is yet not robust enough to curb the evil practice completely.Future scope of the project can include a quantitative analysis of the costs revenues that existed in the distribution channel before digitization and comparing the same with the costs revenues after digitization came into existence. Also, the channel of film festivals, where the poten tial blockbusters are released, has remained unexplored in this study.

History of Hauora Maori Trends and Paradigms

History of Hauora Maori Trends and ParadigmsStudent Name YI LIStudent ID 12010316Assessment Task 1 Plan and Research of Hauora Mari Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the present daya) IntroductionThe research is investigated the trend of Mari wellness which include the paradigms of malignant neoplastic indisposition, fleshiness and diabetes in from 1919 to the present day. Mari had the higher(prenominal) risk of vile from these health diseases than non-Mari race in Te Tai Tkerau (North kill). There is variety factors would affect these health issues, including cultural and historical socio-economic status, geographical place of residence, heathen identity. tally to Mari concept, Hauora is a Mari philosophy of health and well-bing unique to rude(a) Zealand, which include four accept Physical offbeat, Mental and Emotional wellbeing, Social Wellbeing and Spiritual wellbeing.The purpose of the research was to refer the traditional approaches to Hauora, the issues of access to primary and secondary health service. To analysis the health service system in new- do years of Te Tai Tkerrau area.b) methodologyResults of consultation with local iwi, hapu and whanauThe interview was holding on 1st October 2013 which included 10 Mari who is suffering breast sightcer, diabetes and obesity. Before the interview, the detective was calling to explain the research and the purpose of the interview, communicating the plan and related details for the interview and early(a) whanau members.A powhire was present. Then whaikorero was followed the karanga. A waiata was sung after each whaikorero by the group of the orator represents. Koha were exchanged in the midst of researcher and leader. Then was hongi and shared hakari.Notes were taken during the interview.Ethical and cultural considerations indoors a Hauora contextResearcher understands the importance determining and meeting cultural requirements, relevant legislation, and ethical practice.Request the permissio n of the leader and future support.An appointment was made before the interview.Mihi and pepeha were performed.Private information of the participants was kept confidentiality, their name, pictures, and interview nones and so on.Available recoursesHad interview with Whanau leader and membersMarae visitSocial Work Mari tutor instructionAccess to Northland District Health Board websiteData collectionOnline researchOnline research is a major(ip)(ip) variety of literature for the study of research methods. The researcher research the main ca accustom of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. As well as analysis the manifestations of three diseases.Statistical analysisStatistical analysis is for data collection, collation summary. To identify the Hauora Mari trends of the three distinguishable diseases. The data for this is from the New Zealand Health Survey, conducted for the Ministry of Health. The paradigm is draw up to battle array compare the data between Mari, Pacific and Non-Mari an d Non-Pacific who were living Te Tai Tokerau (Northland), during the 1980 to present day.Document analysisDocument analysis mainly refers to the collection, identification, organize the literature, and through literature research, scientific understanding of the facts forming method. Therefore, the learner researched the literature to find information about traditional approaches to hauora and issues of access to primary and secondary health services.Interview with the Whanau leaderThe five questions were asked which related to their recent health service supplier as belowAre you satisfied with the current health services?Do you have family doctor?Have you take upn your provider in spite of appearance the past 12 months?Do you usually going to a Mari primary health provider first when unwell or injured?What different of health service between in a flash and before?TikangaStudents used critical sk swoonings they had learned from discourse analysis to engage with participants tal k. Acknowledging Tikanga helped the researcher to know the appropriate tikanga for a situation in order to make participant feel comfortable during the Hui. In addition, questions were designed and translated from English language to te reo Mori me ng tikanga.c) Methodology According with Research Ethics and Tikanga MariCompete a literature reviewLiterature review was conducted by researching for Hauora Mori trends in Northland region. The information included diabetes, obesity and cancer.Sourcing of informationHapu leaders, whanau members, the internet, Tutors, lectures, documentProcedures for recording and analyzing informationRecording and analyzing were performed by notes, and computer.Maintained the timberland of information with regards to recording of EthnicityRecorded the consultation and discussion in where they took place.Presenting findingsFindings were reported with evidences.Power point is neededResearch findings are presented in papar.Assessment Task 2 Analyze Resear ch Regarding Hauora Mari Trends and Paradigms from 1919 to the Present daylightCancerThe cells of Cancer (Cancer Rates-Wairarapa DHB, 2010)Main cause of CancerThe body in environmental pollution, chemical pollution Cancer is the bodys normal cells in a multi-cause, multi-stage and denary mutations caused by a class of diseases. Cancer is not the definitive communicable disease, but there is growing evidence that cancer does have a genetic predisposition, have some genetic relationshipManifestations of Cancer areTumor malignant proliferation of cancer cells are formed in the surface by strain or deep touch.Pain pain often prompts cancer has entered the middle and late.Ulcers Some cancer malignant wind harvest- clipping surface quickly, nutrient supply, the resulting tissue necrosis.Bleeding cancer vascular invasion or rupture of small blood vessels in cancer tissue generated.Obstruction rapid growth of cancerous tissue caused by obstruction.DiabetesDiabetes is a group is chara cterized by high blood sugar metabolic diseases. Hyperglycemia is due to the biological effects of insulin secretion or impaired, or both causes. Longstanding diabetes high blood sugar , leading to a variety of organizations , especially the eyes , kidneys , heart, blood vessels, nerves , chronic pervert , dysfunction .Main cause of DiabetesGenetic factorsType 1 or type 2 diabetes are obvious genetic heterogeneity. The presence of diabetes onset familial tendency, 1/4 to 1/2 patients had family history of diabetes.Environmental factorsEating too much, reduced physical activity due to type 2 diabetes, obesity is the most important environmental factors that have type 2 diabetes, genetic predisposition morbidity. Type 1 diabetes patients immune system abnormalities, in some viruses much(prenominal) as Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, parotid gland virus infection causes an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin cells.Manifestations of Diabetespolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight lossFatigue, weakness, obesity. More common in type 2 diabetes. corpulency(Photograph Steven Puetzer/Getty Images, 2009)Main cause of ObesityObesity is body fat, particularly triglycerides (triglycerides) as a result of excessive accumulation of a state. Usually because intellectual nourishment intake too much or cause a change in metabolism excessive accumulation of body fat, resulting in excessive growth of body weight and cause human path physiological changes. According to the different causes of obesity, obesity and obesity can be divided into two major categories of secondary obesity. No clear cause obesity may be related to genetics, diet and exercise habits and other factors.Manifestations of ObesityMental performance Obesity can lead to anxiety, depression, guilt, and so bad attitude, and even hostility to others.Physical performance such difficulty moving, panting, muscle fatigue, joint pain and swelling and other symptoms.The performance complication Different co mplications have their corresponding manifestations. Such as headache, dizziness, daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, memory loss and other symptoms.CancerFor total universe and Mari, by cancerous person1980-1999 declination years in NorthlandFor Mari, pacific and Non-M Non-p,Age-sex standardized rates per 100,000, ages 25+By cancer mortality,1980-1999 December years in Northland and other islandThe above tables were draw up to show the trend of cancer and cancer mortality during the period in Northland.We can see from the first figure, cancer rates for Mari are 16 per cent higher than non-Mari at the beginning, and continue increase steadily. However both Mari and non-Mari cancer rates declined between1996 to 99. During the whole period, Mari cancer rates endlessly higher than non-Mari group. In the second figure, the rate of cancer mortality of Mari group is always higher than Pacific and non-M, non-P people, and increase gradually. Cancers were causing 29 per cent of deaths in New Zealand. And the Mari with cancer have a higher risk of decease than non-Mari. Northland had significantly higher cancer death rates than nationally. The reason of the change was unhealthy behaviors can increase the risk of developing cancers.DiabetesFor total population and Mari, by diabetic1930-2010 December years in NorthlandThe chart above is drawn up to show the trend between Mari and non-Mari diabetic during 1930 to 2010. It can be seen that Mari are easier to suffer diabetes than non-Mari, it has a significant increased from 1930 to 1970, however it begin to drop slowly since 1970, until 2010 it has dropped 15 per cent during ten years. The non-Mari population has a significantly increase during 1950 to 1990, after that, it is get effective control in 2010. Even thought, Mari population who suffer from diabetic is still higher than non-Mari population.ObesityThe data below was collected in Adult Nutrition Survey and New Zealand Health Survey.For obesity, age-sex standardized rates per 100,000 ages 1-74 years, 1980-99.The chart above is to show the increase of obesity of two different population compare with Mari population from 1980 to 1999. The data was show that during 1980 to 1984 period, the Mari and Pacific population are closely the same, however, from 1985 to 1999, Mari population rapidly in creased, especially from year 1985.The growth rate of other two population groups never catch up with Mari groups.In traditional approaches to hauora from 1900 to 1940, government continued to subsidies doctors as native medical officers in Mari districts, and to supply native school teachers with medicines for their pupils. More and more hospitals were built. They were whole partially government-funded, and because of a perception that Mari land-owners did not contribute their fair share of rates, there was a tendency for hospital administrators to resent having to admit Mari patients. Although levels of immunity to new diseases had increased , and death rates were dropping, poor economic circumstances and unsatisfactory living conditions still made m both Mari susceptible to ill health.Traditional health practices were still very common in all Mari areas. In some districts people were reluctant to participate in any modern health programme, particularly programme that were associated with the government. This was the case in Taranaki and the Waikato, following land arrogations after the 19th-century wars. In the Urewera, too, the prophet Rua Knana chose to mildew for health overture independently of the government and the Mari councils. And also Many Mari were suspicious of hospitals, and found them unsympathetic to Mari cultural practices and values. A move at this time to establish Mari hospitals was unsuccessful.The issues access to primary and secondary health servicesNew Zealand settlement and the treaty of WaitangiThe settlers introduction of firearms and new infectious diseases had a major impact on death rate s among the Maris. However, the historical and socioeconomic context in relation to Mari mortality after the colonization of New Zealand, specifically Maris loss of land, was also important noted that death from disease did not occur to the same extent among those indigenous peoples who kept their land (such as in Samoa and Tonga) as among those who did not, because disruption of their economic base, food supplies, and social networks was far less widespread. For Maris, this disruption not only occurred via land confiscation made possible through acts of law but also extended to legislation in many other areas, including regulation of Mari rights and discrimination against the use of Mari language in schools, all of which have affected the health of Mari peopleMari health statusAfter reaching a low point of approximately 42000 in 1896, the Mari population began to increase in subsequent years. Government-initiated public health services and Mari-controlled health progress programs, including the appointment of Mari health inspectors to work within Mari communities, contributed to this gradual recovery. Also, decreases in mortality were probably influenced by the introduction of a national health care scheme and social welfare system in 1938, along with improvements in treatment methods.Health disparitiesA number of different explanations have been suggested for the inequalities in health between Maris and non-Maris. One common suggestion is that these differences are due to genetic factors. However, about 85% of genetic variation occurs randomly and is not related to race or ethnicity. The striking time trends in Mari mortality and morbidity during the 20th century demonstrate that environmental factors pushovered the major role. Thus, although genetic factors may contribute to differences in health status between Maris and non-Maris in the case of certain specific conditions, they do not play a major role in population and public health terms.Socioeconomic FactorsThe first studies to assess the role of socioeconomic factors and health status differences between Maris and non-Maris investigated mortality in men aged 15 to 64 years. 2123 The most recent of these analyses showed that Mari men were more than twice as likely as non-Mari men to die prematurely also, mortality rates among Mari men were significantly higher in each socioeconomic class grouping, and mortality differences among these men were greater within their own ethnic social class groups as well.Lifestyle factorsIt can be argued that lifestyle factors, such as smoking, represent one of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors affect health status. However they are interpreted, it is important to consider the extent to which differing lifestyles may account for differences in health status between Maris and non-Maris.DiscriminationThe role of discrimination and racism in harming health is not new but has received increase attention over the past 20 years. The Mari As thma Review reported that conscious or unconscious attitudes of health workers contribute to reluctance by Maris to seek medical care for their asthma until it is absolutely necessary. Another study reported barriers to accessing diabetes care among Maris, including unsatisfactory previous encounters with professionals and experiences of disempowerment. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Mari patients than for non-Mari patients, and Maris may be less likely than non-Maris to be referred for surgical care.The interview answer is now analysis as belowThe above table was draw up to show the interview answers which related to their primary and secondary health service. Most of the interview were satisfied with the currently health service, they usually visit the GP once a year, and they usually going to a Mari primary health provider first when they feel unwell as they are closest, especially, the Mari GP is understand their culture. They w ill to spend more time discussing with patients, and offered special services that they need. They verbalise the service is much cheaper than before.Assessment task 3 Present Your Findings and Explain aPresent Day Health Priority for MariAccording to the analysis, the Health services and quality differences may raise inequalities in disease survival rates, but generally not the incidence. For example The main exception is Cervical cancer, and to a lesser extent, colorectal cancer and breast cancer, wherein Screening can detect precancerous lesions, thus reducing cancer Incidence. For this reason, these diseases incidence of the differences between minority or different ethnic groups to a great extent, reflects the differences in social conditions and way of life, and can be used as a integral or marked differences. Therefore, in these disease incidences trend of inequality analysis can evaluate our success, to reduce social inequality and assist the development of health and broa der social policy. This analysis also provides a planning tool, considering the future development and funding cancer services, to the trend of the past to predict the future trajectory. Trend about risk factors, can also be incorporated into the forecasting model, to improve the accuracy of the prediction.Mari health status is generally worse than that of non-Mari where information is available. It validates the need to priorities Mari health gain and development in order to reduce and eliminate health inequalities that currently exist. The developments of Mari health research priorities need much funding to support and big investment funds of time in a wide range and strict cooperation in wider New Zealand community, policy makers and health workers (including health workers). The role of health researchers will be convenient.ReferenceHawkes Bay District Health Board (2010), HBDHB Health Status Review Diabeteshttp//www.google.co.nz/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=3ved=0CD8Q FjACurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawkesbay.health.nz%2Ffile%2Ffileid%2F36070ei=hk5WUu6xM4f2lAWXpYDACQusg=AFQjCNElsdtOGvhoBCBNQCx40rPvYNBnuwsig2=fik4IgIX4RHQc_TCl-FVyQMinistry of Health (2013), National Cancer Programme work plan 2013/14,http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-cancer-programme-work-plan-2013-14Ministry of Health (2006), Mortality and Demographic.http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/mortality-and-demographic-data-2006Ministry of Health (2010), Cancer New registrations and deaths.http//www.health.govt.nz/publication/cancer-new-registrations-and-deaths-2010National Ethnic Population Projections 2006 (base) 2026http//www.stats.govt.nz/searchresults.aspx?q=Mari%20population%20projectHealth need Assessment Northland District Health Board For the Ministry of Health. (n.d.). center for public health research See more at http//reffor.us/index.phpsthash.n8DdYfxD.dpufCore Health (2013) Patient Rights, Retrieved http//www.gorehealth.co.nz/rights-and-responsibilities/Melanie Jord an (2008) financial support Indiciduals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Spectrum Disorders Quality Employment Practices, Retrievedhttp//www.communityinclusion.org/article.php?article_id=266AppendicesYI LI 12010316 1

Paul Strand :: essays research papers fc

Paul border (1890-1976) was born in New York and be the Ethical Culture School, based on the principles of John Dewey , a popular choice for those middle class Jewish families wishing to assimilate into secular US society.(Encarta) In 1907 he joined the photography classes and club taught by Lewis Hine, the greatest American documentary photographer of his time, who was photographing living conditions in slum areas and the treatment of immigrants on arrival at Ellis Island, and campaigning for the appeal of child labor laws through photographs of "Children Working" on the streets, in factories and in mines. (Capa)     Hine took his students to Alfred Stieglitzs "Gallery at 291", which had an overwhelming painting on the seventeen-year-old Strand, who later returned to discuss his photographs with Stieglitz. After leaving school Strand started build in the family business, continuing his photography in his spare time.(Encarta) His early work fo llowed the pictorialist model of the photo secession, but further visits to 291 and other galleries, and discussions with Stieglitz meant that Strand was kept up to date with the new modern art from Europe. He shared Stieglitzs festering disillusion with pictorialism, and in dampicular his growing insistence that photography should make use of the unique possibilities it offered, particularly its ability to describe the scene with greater decimal point and accuracy than the human hand, rather than attempt to mimic painting or drawing. (Rosenblum) Strand expressed his views clearly and forcibly in a number of articles.      Strand was one of the first photographers to take up the visual problems and approaches which he saw in modern art. By 1915 this was showing clearly in his work, with an interest in geometrical forms, patterns, rhythm, space and the division of the frame the pictures were like a knife cutting through the butter of Pictorialism . Stieglitz gr eeted this with enthusiasm, showing it in the gallery and making it the peculiarity of the final issues of Camerawork. (Web Galleries)     The "White Fence", perhaps the best known from this period, shows the white painted pickets of a fence across the lower half of the picture, setting up a rhythm which is syncopated by their imperfections. The spaces between the posts show a dark grass area, pictorially of equal weight to the white wood, setting up a figure-ground opposition (we can see it as either light areas against a dark background or dark areas against a light background) in this part of the picture, producing the spatial illusion of bringing the horizontal grass expanse into a vertical visual plane.

vikings Essay example -- essays research papers

Vikings In ControlThey were fierce, heartless Barbarians who Seized and looted many European lands from the 800s to 1000s. They made their sneaky attacks at the crack of dawn killing anyone who came axe length away. Including innocent babies defenseless children of all ages, and helpless women. ( The Celebration Program)During their time, these people never called themselves Vikings. This name isnt compensate meant to be the name or a group, but an activity. The base word vik was simply another name for a pirate. Therefore, to go a-viking meant to fight as a warrior. The Northmen, which is another name for Vikings, lived in small communities that were ruled by either a king or a chief. People were divided into three classes world noble, freeman, or slaves. The nobles were usually considered Kings because they were people who were wealthy. The freemen were farmers, merchants and people who served the ruler. Last, but not least slaves were Scandinavians whose ancestors had been ensl aved.(The Celebration Program)Even though Vikings are addressed by one very(prenominal) large group, there are actually three kinds of Vikings. They are Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. The Norwegian Vikings were actually the group that began the raids in Lindisfarne in 793. They raided England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Because of Irelands fertile farms, rich churches and monasteries, it was a big target. Norwegian pirate chief Turgeis attacked Ireland from 839 ...