The Harlem Renaissance and Slave Narratives - 1431 Words

The Harlem Renaissance began around the 1920’s and was the hub of African American artistic endeavors, with less discrimination, more freedom, and amazing strides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there also are differences, in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educated and saw education as a stair way towards progress and equality, where the slave authors didn’t have education and didn’t care about it, the second difference is their purpose and their audience which are both different in the slave narratives†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps, for myself, I was soon reduced so low here that it was thou ght necessary to keep me almost always on deck.† Here Equiano explains to us the condition and atmosphere that the slaves are in, but fails to tell us what he thought of the white men who had allowed him on the deck. If Equiano had been educated like most of the Harlem Renaissance writers he could have written a magnificent narrative. Unlike the slave narratives the Harlem writers like Langston Hughes wrote stories and poems which were full of artistic creativity and were complex unlike the slave narratives. In the poem The Weary Blues† Hughes informs the readers (black or white ) about the Blues which was a style of music invented by African-Americans around the end of the nineteenth century, typically expressed sorrow and was influenced by the struggles of the previous generations of African Americans. â€Å"Droning a drowsy syncopated tune, rocking back and forth to a mellow croon, I heard a negro play. Down on Lenox Avenue the other night by the pale dull pallor of an old gas light He did a lazy sway, he did a lazy sway.† From the two examples you can see that Hughes’ poem is much more sophisticated and that it has a lot moreShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of The Harlem Renaissance On African American Literature1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affect of the Harlem Renaissance on African American Literature The second half of the eighteenth century introduced a new expression to the literary world. The new expression was a voice that belonged to the African American writers. The African American writers wrote with a flair and brought a new perspective to the realm of literature. Literature, as America had known it, consisted of works from Christopher Columbus, John Smith, William Bradford, and Mary Rowlandson; these writers capturedRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1792 Words   |  8 Pagessummary of his book, narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass: an American slave 1845. Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. Frederick Douglass was the most important black American leader of the nineteenth century. He was born in February of the 1818 and died February 20, 1895. Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all peoples, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant. Narrative of the Life of FrederickRead MoreIncidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesof a Slave Girl’ is one of the most important fugitive slave narratives. She wrote during the same time as Frederick Douglass, although she was hesitant to publish her story. She was a part of the abolitionist movement and was a former slave, very much like Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was an influential writer and abolitionist speaker who was born into slavery in Maryland as Frederick Bailey. He worked as a slave on farms in the Eastern Shore and enjoyed more freedom than the slaves usuallyRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement843 Words   |  4 Pages The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was an important time period for African American culture in the United States. It was an innovating period where many unknown artists became prominent for their talent and ethnic heritage, and brought upon many new connections between races. As a cultural movement, the Harlem Renaissance brought changes to America that would have long term effects on how art is created, viewed, and accepted. â€Å"The Renaissance was more than a literaryRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By James Weldon Johnson Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesera that aided in shaping a new black cultural identity. This new cultural identity was called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural manifestation that lured African-American writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars to Harlem, New York. The Harlem Renaissance shifted the paradigm for cultural and social settings. The blueprints for the Harlem Renaissance began years earlier with African-American genre of literature. James Weldon Johnson was one such writerRead MoreThe Emergence Of The United States As An Independent Country, And African American Literature Essay1769 Words   |  8 Pageswrote her first work â€Å"Bars Fight†, a ballad about an attack of Deerfield. The Ballad was preserved orally until it was published in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s History of western Massachusetts. Wheatley was the contemporary of Lucy Terry. She was also a slave, born in West Africa. She was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent. Because ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem September Cotton Flower By Jean Toomer1586 Words   |  7 Pagesamongst doleful situations. From every ending comes a new beginning. The poem, â€Å"November Cotton Flower†, written by Jean Toomer, describes (the conditions when slaves were under the Harlem Renaissance) the conditions in which slaves were under during the Harlem Renaissance where there seems to be no prospect for a brighter future for the slaves in the society. Throughout the poem, Toomer develops his theme of hope and desire for a brighter future by exhausting literary devices such as metaphors, structureRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes a Harlem Renaissance Man1463 Words   |  6 Pagescall today, the Great Migration. Many African Americans found themselves in a district of New York City called Harlem. The area known as Harlem matured into the hideaway of jazz and the blues where the African Ameri can artist emerged calling themselves the â€Å"New Negro.† The New Negro was the cornerstone for an era known today as the Harlem Renaissance (Barksdale 23). The Harlem Renaissance warranted the expression of the double consciousness of the African Americans, which was exposed by artists suchRead More The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a time of global appreciation for the black culture, was a door opening for African American women. Until then, African Americans, let alone African American women, were neither respected nor recognized in the artistic world. During this time of this New Negro Movement, women sculptors were able to connect their heritages with the present issues in America. There is an abundance of culture and historyRead MoreAfrican American Relationship With The South : A Dual Perspective1204 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresentative of the African American description of the South, reflects on the various experiences that blacks went through. Lee J. Greene of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill notes that the southern black novel mainly featured narratives from slaves, who gave detailed experiences of their lives in the South. At one point, black writers in the South focused on identity and self-definition; the focus was majorly centered on promoting the African Amer ican culture, hence prolonging its uniqueness

Environmental Economics Essay - 1937 Words

Introduction With the rampant deterioration of the environment taking place, panic striking and scandalizing environmental issues like global warming and greenhouse effect making banner headlines in our news papers and bulletins. Entire world is busy in devising energy reforms that can save the planet from plunging deep into the pit of destruction and catastrophe. In order to counter the looming energy crisis that is engulfing the world, research scientists all over the world are busy brainstorming their ageing heads in order to devise reliable energy systems, which can prove effective in resolving environmental disasters. (Costanza, 1991) In order to achieve this objective, substantial progress has been made in the form of†¦show more content†¦A question that can justly be asked here is why the exploration of renewable energy resources still in its embryonic stages? (Kosltad 2010) Renewable Resources and their Limitations From the past decade progress the renewable energy sector model under substantial innovation. The diversity of advancement ranged from the setting up of conventional wind mill and solar panel towers to the development of automobiles using water or vegetable oil as fuel. It is a well understood fact that the initial cost and expenditure required for the setting of basic infrastructure for such resources is immense. As far as solar energy and its usage are concerned another major area is that the installation of photovoltaic solar panels will cost more than a consumer can save in the form of electricity tariffs. That being said there are also a number of positive economic aspects of the renewable resources of energy that must also be considered. A collaborative research that was conducted by the professors of University of Ferrara and Bologna revealed that the use of domestic solar PV panels can save up to 2000kwh per square meter of energy and can work effectively for a period of 20 y ears. Moreover on conducting the cost-benefit analysis of the process it was found that over a period of 2 yearsShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Economics Exam1139 Words   |  5 PagesTake-Home Exam Exercise 1 (a) If the emissions in the area are left unregulated then the two factories will emit as much as they can, which means there will be zero abatement (MAC=0). So we have: Factory A: MACA=0 4000-EA=0 EA=4000 Factory B: MACB=0 4000-4EB=0 EB=1000 For the socially optimal level of emissions we have: MACA=4000-EA EA=4000-MACA MACB=4000-4EB EB=1000-0,25MACB By adding the above by parts we get: E=5000-1,25MAC MAC=4000-0,8E The socially optimal level of emissionsRead MoreIntroduction to Environmental Economics Essay example825 Words   |  4 PagesSummer 2011 Introduction to Environmental Economics Quiz 2 (Due June 22) Instructions: Write your name and panther id on top and fill out the blanks with appropriate word/words based on your readings from corresponding chapters and turn it in the drop-box in Blackboard. The total points in this quiz are 50, each question is worth of 2 points. Chapter 6 1. â€Å"Providing the typical person alive in the future with a standard of living, including both material and environmental welfare, at least as highRead MoreEconomic, Social And Environmental Change Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Economic, social and environmental change is inherent to development. Whilst development aims to bring about positive change it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the promotion of economic growth as the motor for increased well-being was the main development thrust with little sensitivity to adverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure long term benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential featureRead MoreThe Economic Vs. Environmental Growth Debate1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe economic vs. environmental growth debate has been a topic discussed in America for quite some time. The perfect example of this is the decision is whether America should to drill onshore for oil rather than importing their oil. Many believe that there is a relationship between the two. As the economy grows, the environment takes a knock. Some argue the need to stop economic growth and focus more on the harm that is being inflicted on the environment. As we drill onshore for oil, we are ableRead MoreThe Economic Aspect of Ecology and Environmental Issues2324 Words   |  9 Pagescircular flow model resembles the basic economic theory of an economy. As shown below in the model, the exchange of goods and services take place between two players, households and firms. It represents the three general factors of production: land, labor, and capital. These factors represent the inputs into the production of goods and services (Harris/Roach, 19). The economic output values are indicated by the counter-clockwise arrows. The category which environmental and natural resources would fall intoRead MoreNumerical Exam Questions for Environmental Economics2137 Words   |  9 PagesNumerical exam questions for Environmental Economics Spring 2006 Krister Hjalte Question 2. (29/3 1998) The inverse demand function for a non-renewable resource is Pt = a- bRt, where Pt is the market price and Rt the extraction in period t. The total gross benefit from extracting this resource can be written as an integral The extraction cost Ct= cRt, where c is a constant. Total available amount of the resource is denoted by S. From a social point of view we want to maximise the net benefits fromRead MoreEnvironmental Economics: A Short Evaluation of the Monetary Valuation of Ecosystem Goods and Services728 Words   |  3 PagesSustainable development is understood as an organizing principle for human life on a finite planet, which works toward the preservation and endurance of diverse biological systems. Throughout history we have seen interdependence between economic growth and environmental degradation, denoting a trend in human population growth simultaneous to ecosystem decline. Studies have shown that over the last fifty years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than any comparable period in humanRead MoreUrban Population Of Ethiopia And Its Socio Economic And Environmental Consequences Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesToday’s world society is rapidly becoming u rbanite and such rapid urbanization comes up with its multi variant socio economic and environmental consequences. Among many variables characterizing urbanization in the century, the most prominent one is population growth rate. World urban growth population rate is about 1.8% where as that of Africa and Ethiopia is 4.4% and 5% respectively (UN- Habitat 2004/2005; PASDEP 2006). Though Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries where about 83.8% ofRead MoreEconomic Development And Environmental Sustainability1904 Words   |  8 Pagessocial and economic conditions. Likewise, the structure and size of the population contribute to the shaping of the economy, society and the broader environment. The future growth, distribution and age structure of the population are key factors underpinning many analyses of long-term policy issues in Australia. Some of these issues relate to service provision, such as health and aged care. Other policy issues include the population aspects of economic development and environmental sustainabilityRead MoreSocial, Economic And Environmental Characteristics For Entrepreneurship1170 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will explore the social, economic and environmental characteristics for entrepreneurship in the Olusosun rubbish dump as depicted in the movie welcome to Lagos. (LINES OF EXPLORATION) Nigeria faces vast inequality with a gini coefficient standing at 48. 8 (United Nations Development Programme, 2013). Lagos is home to the largest slum in the country, which is Ajungle. Nearly thirty kilometers away from the cities largest slum is a landfill where nearly 1000 people live and work

Business Event in Global Context

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Event in Global Context. Answer: Introduction Rogers and Davidson (2015) portrays that organization conducts events not only for building brand recognition but also for establishing business connections. This approach ensures the strength of the business in the community along with generating revenue for the organization. The topic that is conducted in this assessment is the topic: 2 economic impacts of business events topics: 3major destinations and the organization that is taken into consideration is the International Convention Centre, Sydney that is established in the year 2016 and is managed by AEG Ogden (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). ICC Sydney has flexible spaces for accommodating 2,500, 1,000 and 750 people respectively along with the ballroom that has the capacity of accommodating 2000 people (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). The prime objective of the assignment is to illustrate a reflective evaluation on the two undertaken subjects for presenting prior experience and current learning after the module. In addition to that personal response to experiences, situations, events and new information will also be evaluated along with some evidence to support the detailed analysis in this assessment. Discussion Business Events in Australia Every year over 37 million people attend more than 420,000 business events across Australia (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). Thus, there is a huge opportunity for businesspeople to construct convention centre not only for successfully accomplishing the business events but also for attaining for financial growth. It is also found from the statistics that $28 billion is attained by the convention centre and these centres also create direct job opportunities for more than 180,000 candidates (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). All these aspects signify the economic impacts of the business events. In Australia, the largest number of events hosted in New South Wales and Victoria and regarding meetings and conventions total of 391,000 events were hosted in the year 2015 that had attracted 26.5 million delegates (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). However, in the context of the exhibitions occurred, 2,157 exhibitions staged in Australia that results in attracting over 65,000 exhibitors and 9.3 million visitors (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). In addition to that, ICC, Sydney hosted many events like award events, comedy shows, music concerts, conventions and conferences along with some traditional cultural events and exhibitions. ICC, Sydney also hosts family and kids shows and have the capacity to accommodate 9000 people with 8000 seats (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). The Darling Harbour Theatre have the capacity of 2500 seats and the Paramount theatre has 1000 seats for hosting events (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Kimelberg and Williams (2013) also highlighted that ICC, Sydney provide a complete arrangement for the successful hosting of events like providing exotic food menu collection, trip planning facility and fulfilling all the events with the use of industry leading technology. They have an 180 square meter high definition digital screen in the entrance of their theatre and use ultramodern audio, visual and lighting technology so that clear image of the shows can be seen and enjoyed by the visitors (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Overview of the Impacts of Business Events Business events have direct and indirect cultural impacts not only on the organization but also on the nation. Getz and Page (2016) portrays that diverse cultural events like celebration of Chinese Year or Film Award celebration for movies of different languages and genres encourage diversification within the nation. However, events like Olympics and Woodstock impacts indirectly on the culture of the nation. People came to learn about the different events, which provide them with the glimpse of the cultural knowledge regarding the culture followed by the nation and the competency of the convention centre compared to others. Moreover, some of the other impacts from the business events are: Image 1: Business Events Value Pyramid in Australia (Source: Business Events Council Australia, 2017) Visitor Economic Impact I believe that events are organised for attracting international visitors and measuring a number of those international and interstate visitors in the conventional centre allow an organization to assess their profitability. In Australia, a visitor spends $14.5 billion for attending events per year (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). It is also evident that the more the people attend these events, the more the culture and recognition of the organization enhances in the community. In the context of attracting international people from Korea and China, ICC Sydney has organized 2017 KIM BUM SOO live concert in their theatre (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Local Economic Impact Local delegates also take participation as well as visit these events for business meetings, entertaining events and hence contribute some financial resources for the same (Tidstrom Hagberg-Andersson, 2012). Dwyer et al. (2014) moreover affirm that the people provide around $4.5 billion of financial resources for the organized events. Taken for instance, the event of The Big Meet 2017 Sydney, which is a free career fair that target all the undergraduate student of Australia (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). In this fair all the interstate and international students studying in the Australian universities. Non-Delegate Impact The events also have an impact on the non-delegates, who organizes the events for providing accommodations and other facilities like food to the guests and visitors, who intends to come to their organization (Getz, 2012). In Australia, $9.0 billion of benefits by organising business events is attained by the businesspeople (Business Events Council Australia, 2017). They have local event partner participating in The Big Meet 2017 like Legal Vitae and some national event partners like GradConnection, GraduateOpputunities, GradAustralia and Engineers Australia (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Personal Experience I belong from Singapore and we have Suntec Singapore Convention Exhibition Centre" for organizing business events, exhibitions and conferences. The concerned convention centre organizes a diverse range of events, trade shows and meetings for local as well as international business people. Suntec Singapore Convention Exhibition Centre have exhibition space of over 22,000 square meters and flexible meeting spaces of over 15,000 square meters (Suntec Singapore Convention Exhibition Centre, 2017). In order to attain competitive advantages the concerned convention centre has incorporated modern technology like telecommunications technology and offer services like free high-speed WiFi that can support up to 6,000 devices to all the visitors (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). However, the difference that I have felt between the two convention centres is that in Australia, the business people consider all the crucial aspect of travel planning to reach their convention centre while in Singapore, th e visitors only get the direction and they have to travel and find their centre to attend any concert. I have attended the 2016 Sydney International Womens Day Breakfast that ICC Sydney has organized in the month of March with the association of UN Women National Committee (NC) Australia. In this event, they have shared the economic, political and social achievements of women and shared some real life stories on their struggle for equality, peace and development. In this conference, UN Women Ambassador of many countries- Pakistan, Fiji, and India were also invited. On the counterpart, in terms of Suntec Singapore Convention Exhibition Centre, majorly programs for trade, fair and business and does not organize any development conferences that are considered in Australian convention centers. However, during my classes, I have learned that in Australian convention centers the organizers divides their budgets into 14%, 56%, 26% and 4% for luxury facilities, deluxe services, standard facilities and budgeting purpose respectively. Critical Reflection In the class session for the "Economic Impact of the Business Events", I have learned about the economic roles of place marketing, tourist attraction, image maker, catalyst and animator for effectively accomplishing the business effectively. One of the most important thing that I have learnt is the positive impact of the business occasions that is the promotion of the events. Effective promotion attracts more people and managing authorities of an organization have to focus on their advertising contents and target audience. Seringhaus and Rosson (2012) also mentioned that is the promotion is effective, that may result in an extended length of stay of the visitors. Business events also create lots of job opportunities and attract sponsors to get associated with their approach. In this way, they can attain more financial resources for accomplishing their business objectives. However, Sa and Lee (2012) also highlights the negative impacts of the business events that are a loss of authenticity, exploitation of the environment and community and the great investment cost for organizing the business events. However, I believe that people will only emphasis on the business outcomes from these events and seek for effective factors on economic benefits. From the academic session, I have also learned that a convention centre has to plan not only for the accommodation facility but also for the dining outs, ground transport, recreational activities and different events for different theatres. Moreover, prior to these activities, hassle free registration for the events so that visitors and delegates can register for the events in a single attempt. Jeston and Nelis (2014) explains that utilising the information technology for the registration system can provide them a competitive advantage and helps them to attract more people to their events. Cornwell (2014) however argues that according to the statistics, for an international conference, the organization spends five times more than local events. These delegates spend on food and beverages, technological equipment, security maintenance and different ways of promotion simultaneously. Raj (2013) on the other hand explains that as people from other cultural and traditional background are the guest of these events, making proper arrangements for these guests needs some extra financial resources. It is also found from the statistics of Australias BECA that the most money per day spends by the government on selecting venues their business procedure is associated with the higher authority of other nations; while they do not have to spend extra wealth for security reasons and administration costs (Bladen et al., 2012). Furthermore, I think that it is beneficial for the convention centre for associating with the organization like hotels and resort properties along with the travel agents. In this way, they can attain some profitability from these organizations and also offer an extra discount to their guest on availing those travel and hotel services with registration. Mair and Whitford (2013) mentioned that this approach ensures the brand recognition and customer satisfaction. I also think that, this expenditure on the food and beverages, travel plan also boosts the visitors to travel to Australia in their near future and Getz (2012) depicts that if these events do not hold, it may be the case they would not have come to experience the beauty of Australia. ICC Sydney also spends some of their annual revenue on the arrangements for pre and post event tours and this ensures the effective business relationship with them. In this scenario, I think that convention centres also have to face some challenges like other competitors and interferences of the foreign government along with the continuous development of the technology by maintaining the environmental sustainability and promotional strategies. Our mentor also made us realised doing business with international government and delegates is a complex business procedure and is comprised of activities like media audits and social surveys for tourism media coverage and accessing environmental and socio-cultural amenities respectively. Kimelberg and Williams (2013) depicts that EPA Ecological Footprint Calculator, Sustainable Event Management System (SEMS) are some tools for measuring the environmental sustainability- carbon footprints, climate change and impact of events. followed by an organization. All these factors affect the profitability of an organization. However, according to my past experience I can say that visitors survey are crucial for getting the knowledge whether the facilities an organization is providing worth future growth. Rogers and Davidson (2015) explains that there are several ways through which feedback can be attained like feedback forms on the availed services in the centres through social media sites like Facebook fanpages, Twitter accounts and e-mail feedback forums. These contemporary techniques of taking feedback can be easily accessible by the visitors on their smart devices and are flexible in use. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded from the assessment that conventional centers are liable for making arrangements for cultural events and concerts, business conferences and career fairs. These centers also develop diverse economy and culture within the same nation. The organization that is considered is International Convention Centre Sydney that organizes events and concerts throughout the year. In order to gain competitive advantages compared to other convention centers, ICC Sydney have extend their business not only in food and beverages but also in planning trips from other nation and places to their location. Adopting technological advances like Wi-Fi, high definition screens and modern audio and stereo systems along with tools for measuring environmental sustainability and effective promotion strategies ensures their business success and enhancement in the economy. Reference List Bladen, C., Kennell, J., Abson, E., Wilde, N. (2012).Events management: An introduction. Routledge. Business Events Council Australia. (2017).businesseventscouncil.org.au. Retrieved 22 February 2017, from https://www.businesseventscouncil.org.au/files/View_Report Cornwell, T. B. (2014).Sponsorship in marketing: Effective communication through sports, arts and events. Routledge. Dwyer, L., Pham, T., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. (2014). Destination marketing of Australia: Return on investment. Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 281-295. Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: Discourses and future directions.Event Management,16(2), 171-187. Getz, D., Page, S. J. (2016).Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events. Routledge. Iccsydney.com.au. (2017).Iccsydney.com.au. Retrieved 22 February 2017, from https://www.iccsydney.com.au/~/media/ICC/Files/PDF/ICC%20Sydney%20Entertainment.ashx?la=en Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kimelberg, S. M., Williams, E. (2013). Evaluating the importance of business location factors: The influence of facility type.Growth and Change,44(1), 92-117. Mair, J., Whitford, M. (2013). An exploration of events research: event topics, themes and emerging trends.International Journal of Event and Festival Management,4(1), 6-30. Raj, R., Walters, P., Rashid, T. (2013).Events management: principles and practice. Sage. Rogers, T., Davidson, R. (2015).Marketing destinations and venues for conferences, conventions and business events(Vol. 14). Routledge. Sa, C., Lee, H. (2012). Science, business, and innovation: understanding networks in technology?based incubators.RD Management,42(3), 243-253. Seringhaus, F. R., Rosson, P. J. (Eds.). (2012).Export development and promotion: The role of public organizations. Springer Science Business Media. Suntec Singapore Convention Exhibition Centre. (2017).suntecsingapore.com. Retrieved 22 February 2017, from https://www.suntecsingapore.com/ Tidstrom, A., Hagberg-Andersson, . (2012). Critical events in time and space when cooperation turns into competition in business relationships.Industrial Marketing Management,41(2), 333-343.

Sandwich Blitz free essay sample

The eight steps toward integrity is something that all corporations and businesses should strive to excel at. These eight steps include; doing what we say we will do, doing the right thing, taking responsibility, supporting our own weight, holistic thinking, respecting others, checking the mirror, defining the rules and values. As stated by Bateman and Snell (2012)Unethical corporate behavior may be the responsibility of an unethical individual, but; it often also reveals a company culture that is ethically lax(pg. 76). Sandwich Blitz as an organization that is trying to grow and expand should definitely work towards the goal of keeping integrity as a priority. In the example case, I think there are a few of the steps that could fit this Sandwich Blitz situation. The first step that applies is to do the Right Thing. This entails being cognizant of what is right and wrong and taking steps to follow those principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Sandwich Blitz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accepting the inspectors offer is essentially the same thing as accepting a bribe. By taking the bribe, they are not doing the right thing. Dalman needs to tell the inspector thanks but no thanks they want to do the right thing, pass the inspection proudly, and respectfully not just take the easy way out. The second step is to take responsibility. This entails owning up to your mistakes and doing what you need to do to correct it. Dalman has been made aware of how off the measurements are so now he needs to do what he can to get it up to standards for the reinsertion. This can be done by either purchasing or leasing more land, or by building a smaller enclosure for the dumpster. This will correct the mistake and it will be done legally. The third aspect is that of respecting others. By rejecting the inspectors offer, Dalman is showing that he respects the inspector as both a person and his position as a city official. The inspector might have dropped the respect ball by making the bribe, but by rejecting the offer Dalman hands it back to him and gives him another chance to redeem himself and do the right thing. Dalman also shows his stance on integrity by rejecting the offer and standing up for his ethical belief. The last step that I believe fits with the example is defining the rules and values. By standing up for himself, Dalman is showing his location managers and the employees his views and his stance on integrity. This allows them to understand his view along with what he expects from them in that same area. One person can lead the change in the integrity and ethics of company, especially if that person is an owner or other lead position in the company. Therefore, Dalman really needs to stand tall to set and lead the way for his company. All of these steps really show how Dalman should handle the inspector in that example. As Sherman said in his article we are each responsible for own integrity; the best of us create environments that nourish the integrity of others (2003). That statement in itself shows that we really have to think over all decisions and stand firm on what is the right thing to do. Dalman as the head of the company has to enforce his standards on integrity on his company.

The Definition of Public Relations

The Definition of Public Relations Free Online Research Papers The task of defining Public Relations is difficult because the scope of work is different as it pertains to a particular organization or individual, and the responsibilities vary. As well, the PR industry refers to relations or dealings with the public, but publics can vary as well. Through segmentation, publics can be defined or classified as various types. PR often refers to the â€Å"buzz† surrounding an individual or organization. When the entity is talked about, it becomes recognized, and public opinion begins to formulate. Definitions throughout the years have tried to capture all the PR entails. What makes defining PR challenging is that it is a relatively new industry, in terms of being recognized in a corporate environment. As well, technological advancements and legislation has affected PR in the last few decades, therefore changing the scope of duties from a PR professional. Though many have attempted to define PR, the one commonality among all definitions is that it refers to the influence of public opinion. Here is a look at three definitions, and a personal definition of Public Relations. Though the definition dates back to around 1923, one current definition is stated, according to Fraser Seitel (2004) as: Public relations is a planned process to influence public opinion, through sound character and proper performance, based on mutually satisfactory two-way communication.† Similarly, to describe a PR professional, â€Å"public relations practitioner is a manager/orchestrator/producer/director/writer/arranger and all-around general communications counsel to management. It is for this reason, then, that the process works best when the public relations director reports to the CEO. (p.10) The first definition, listed by Seitel, seems to provide a modern, accurate description of what PR encompasses. Breaking it down, Seitel mentions it is a â€Å"planned process.† This means the work done behind the scenes in preparation for any PR efforts. This refers to the communication with management, stakeholders, employees, customers, political groups, and all publics. By gathering this information, the PR professional is armed with the appropriate information to represent an organization effectively. Going further, â€Å"to influence public opinion.† This fragment clearly describes the essence of PR, which is an effort to change, modify, or influence a publics attitudes and thoughts that will turn into behaviors and actions. The purpose of including the second part of the definition by Seitel, in which he describes the PR professional, is to further show what roles are included in PR. The person or persons truly serve as an overall communications counselor or entity in that they are consistently forming and maintaining relationships, writing, researching, managing, creating, and searching for opportunities to communicate with their various publics. The job does not focus on one particular skill, rather, requires multiple skills and characteristics for success in influencing public opinion. The official statement adopted by the PRSA Assembly (November, 1982) states that: â€Å"Public relations helps our complex, pluralistic society to reach decisions and function more effectively by contributing to mutual understanding among groups and institutions. It serves to bring private and public policies into harmony.† The PRSA, like Seitel, mentions the importance of two-way communication with publics by using the phrase â€Å"mutual understanding.† The official statement mentions the complexity of society and gently describes that again, PR is to influence public opinion, but takes the definition a step further by pointing out that PR should pointedly assist the public in reaching decisions and not just shape the decisions. As well, the statement implies that without PR, society’s public opinion would not function as effectively and harmoniously. The statement continues by mentioning the various organizations that need PR. Also, organizations must be able to effectively influence public opinion in order to meet their goals. The Council of Public Relations Firms (Eggerston, 2006) says: â€Å"In their service to clients, public relations firms play a vital role in encouraging public discourse. The professionalism and objectivity of our firms helps clients engage in that discourse, and clients turn to us for our counsel and assistance to vigorously pursue their organizational goals in educating or persuading audiences that matter most to them.† In the third definition, again, influencing public opinion is made known in this definition, and in the first sentence. The softer word, encourage, however is used. This particular definition stresses the importance of professionalism and objectivity. A lack of objectivity could be seen as fraudulent activity, thus producing a PR nightmare. It is imperative to maintain objectivity, flexibility, and admit humility when necessary. Publics respond well to facts. Facts are used to persuade public opinion. Therefore, maintaining objectivity in line with facts is often a successful way to maintain positive public opinion. This particular definition reflects how professionalism can certainly influence public opinion. Given the research and definitions reviewed, a personal definition would be: â€Å"Public Relations is the creation, management, and maintenance of communicating with various publics to establish and promote two-way communication, and aid in the persuasion of positive public opinion towards an organization or individual. Objectivity, professionalism, and understanding societal differences is the key to assisting the influence of a public’s opinion and society as a whole.† The personal definition mentions PR’s overall goal – to influence public opinion. However, this definition lists the methods and responsibilities in doing such. As well, the definition states that there are, in fact, different publics as well as society in general without being too specific or convoluted. Though the definition of PR has evolved over the past 100 years, and the methods of delivery have changed, the overall message remains the same. If there was no effort to influence public opinion, PR would not exist. However, for centuries have various governments, organizations, and individuals used PR to communicate with their publics to achieve certain goals, yet they may not have given their efforts the formal Public Relations term. In this modern day, and especially in this high tech, fast-paced society, does it become increasingly important to keep the â€Å"buzz† generated so that organizations and individuals can rise above the noise. Research Papers on The Definition of Public RelationsThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalStandardized TestingUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

25 Synonyms for Deceptive and Fake

25 Synonyms for Deceptive and Fake 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Deceptive† and â€Å"Fake 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Deceptive† and â€Å"Fake By Mark Nichol Many words related to deceptive and fake exist, but some have specific senses for distinctive usage. Here are some alternatives to these terms and the related words deceitful and false and their connotations. 1. Assumed: pretended, as in â€Å"an assumed name,† referring to a pseudonym used to conceal one’s identity (and, as a verb, to pretend); also, several unrelated meanings 2. Beguiling: deceptive, duplicitous, or diverting 3. Bogus: not genuine 4. Contrived: false or unnatural 5. Counterfeit: imitation or insincere 6. Delusory: deceptive 7. Dummy: imitation (and, as a noun, a mockup); also, several unrelated meanings 8. Ersatz: imitation or substitute (and generally inferior to the real thing) 9. Factitious: artificial or false 10. Fallacious: deceptive 11. Faux: imitation (usually in the sense of a design element or fashion item that deliberately mimics a more expensive material or fabric such as marble or fur) 12. Feigned: fictitious, or not genuine or real 13. Forged: imitation with intent to deceive; also, an unrelated meaning of being created by pressure and perhaps heat 14. Fraudulent: deceitful 15. Jive: deceitful (said of talk); also, superficial or foolish, or other unrelated meanings 16. Misleading: deceitful 17. Mock: imitation, in the senses of not being genuine or real 18. Phony: counterfeit, false, or fictitious; also, hypocritical 19. Pseudo: false (also a prefix in hyphenated and closed compounds such as pseudo-event and pseudopod) 20. Put-on: pretended 21. Sham: false, not genuine 22. Simulated: fake but intended or made to look genuine 23. Specious: deceptively attractive, or appearing genuine or truthful 24. Spurious: deceitful or imitation 25. Synthetic: not genuine; also, several unrelated meanings Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Mood vs. Tense

Labor Relations in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor Relations in Education - Essay Example Because the workers in the labor force are employed by other people, they are called employees. Not included are the self-employed--those who make their living from the fees they receive from their clients or patients. In the early days of industry most business and industrial organizations were run and managed by the people who owned them. As organizations grew larger, corporations were formed. A corporation is an organization in which a group of persons is permitted by law to act as one person. A corporation is permitted to sell shares of stock--representing ownership--in a business. In this way, many people outside an organization may actually own it. As corporations grow, it becomes necessary to hire people to manage them. These people work for salary, but their responsibilities are very much like those of the owner-manager. Their job is to represent the owner in running the business. They belong to management. Management, then, is the group of individuals within an organization that is responsible for setting goals and directing the production of goods or services. This group includes managers who are also owners of the company, as well as managers who are employed by the company. The owner or president and the top officials clearly belong to management, as do managers who represent the owner or those who run the organization. Agreement and Disagreement between Labor and Management Labor and management agree in some areas and disagree in others. Both have a common interest in a healthy economy. Both wish to see the economy grow, so that more goods and services are bought. This in turn means that more jobs are provided, bringing increased wages and salaries to the workers and increased profits to the owners. In an industry or business firm, labor and management have a common interest in producing goods or services that will sell. This means that they must be able to compete in quality, quantity, and price. (Lavan & Martin, 2008) Labor Unions A labor union is an organization of employees whose purpose is to bargain with an employer or a group of employers over pay and working conditions. Historically unions are traceable to the guilds of the Middle Ages, which operated chiefly to establish quality standards for products and prices that were "just "in the sense that they enabled master workmen to support their families at customary levels while also providing training for apprentices. Their English origins are closely linked to the "de-skilling" effects of the technology of the Industrial Revolution on workers, which altered the traditional hierarchy of skills and their associated wage levels. Nevertheless, it was not until the founding of the Trades Union Congress in 1868 and the subsequent passage of the Trade Union Act that the English labor movement flourished. By the late 1800s, British unions allied with socialists to establish the Independent Labor party (later the Labor party). (Carlton, 2007) Collective Bargaining Collective Bargaining, between employers and unions establishes formal rules governing work and conditions of employment. The term applies to negotiations about wages, hours, conditions of work, and fringe benefits, and

BUS 171A Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS 171A Project 2 - Essay Example It is being anticipated by economists and pundits that BIT will bequeath the United States and China substantial benefits (including the strengthening of the Sino-American relations) as the US and the People’s Republic of China prepare to meet in the July 9-10 US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Beijing. On the side of China, Barshefsky and Yongtu divulge that China has grown its total stock of foreign and direct investment in the United from zero to 17 billion US dollars, between 2000 and 2012. 4 billion US dollars proceed to the US from China in the year 2012 alone. Interestingly, despite all these humongous gains, China only accounts for less than 1% of the FDI in America. All the benefits and potential for investment growth are also likely to catalyse job creation and catapult the US economy onwards (Barshefsky and Yongtu, 31). Conversely, US firms have also built its presence in China. In 2012 alone, the total stock of the American FDI in China rose to 70 billion US dollars. Nevertheless, the US government only accounts for 3% of China’s internal FDI. This is a tiny fraction of what ought to be the case, should market barriers be removed. That the BIT talks are likely to be successful is underscored by the fact that in 2013, Washington and Beijing Administrations had met and agreed to effect nondiscriminatory treatment of Chinese and American investors in all trade sectors throughout all stages of development- from the pre-establishment stage to the conclusion

Family Bond Essay Example for Free

Family Bond Essay The family system is the most conspicuous bond in the social scheme of things. This bond ties people to each other with invisible strings of love and care, each one bonded to all others in his/her entirety. The family that consists of the elder’s brothers, sisters and children are all bound to each other no matter how far away they may be from each other physically. The family is the inspiration of each individual member and, above all, it is the objective for which each individual member lives and works. The encouragement from the family helps one to achieve marathon goals, and it is the family only that, at time forces a person to adopt the wrong path. Thus the family is of so much importance to every member that, its bonds are in reality responsible for whatever each member achieves or loses. The family is as if the backbone on which the bodies of the individuals in it stand. It is the family that acts as a booster for each one in it and, it is the same family that at times becomes a stumbling block in the growth of an individual in it. This is because the bonds of love are too great to be set apart and as we often hear that love is blind. It is this same blind love of the family that may at times prove to be a hindrance to growth For example, a child in the family may be brilliant in studies but the extreme and blind love of the parents wants to see him as the next Sachin Tendulkar. They, in trying to fulfill their ambition may try to impose their desire on the child and he, in the bargain loses track of studies. At the same time since he has no inclination for cricket, he does not manage to achieve anything in that sphere also. Thus, due to the unquestioned love and bond of the family, the child loses out on both fronts. He is unable to become Sachin Tendulkar and neither has he been able to keep pace with his studies. In this way, the bonds of the family prove to be disastrous also. At the same time, with the backing and support of the family, a child can work wonders as, it is here he gets all the encouragement and back up support. Besides being a support for the children of a family it has often been heard that, b ehind every successful man, there is a woman. This again goes to show how much the backing of a good co-operative wife helps the man also to grow in his career. Thus it is seen that the family bonds play a very prominent part in making or breaking each member of the family. It is from broken homes that, drug addicts, juvenile criminals are also created, so much is the importance of the bonds of a family. So much for parents and children in a family. Even grandparents have an intrinsic role to play in the growth of the individuals. If the children play and have fun with grandparents, they develop a liking for elders, and they learn to respect elders. Once they see their parents behaving well with the grandparents they also learn how to behave with elders. This presence of elders in a family makes the bonds still more pleasant and more lasting. Like everything else, bonds of a family also have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the disadvantages are so minuscule that, the prominent advantages overpower them and the essence of family life and its bonds appear to be just worth it. Where there is a family to fall back upon, even hard times of misfortune, it becomes easier to bear and this is just what family bonds is all about. These bonds are so strong that, no power can break them or destroy them. It is however great luck to get the fortune of a fully blooming family with all its bonds in place.

The Rake Figure in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Charlotte Bro

The Rake Figure in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre    Edward Rochester, the male protagonist of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre embodies a number of different roles of masculinity. One of the least recognized but very influential roles played by Rochester is the rake. The idea of the "rake" is commonly related to the Restoration period in England; yet this figure does not completely disappear during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Historical figures such as John Wilmot the second Earl of Rochester are described as leading rakish lifestyles. Literature and Art also played an important role in defining the rake. The rake character is primarily defined by his sexual nature. A rake was concerned about his status among other men. He spent most of his time in search of sexual liaisons or relating tales of past sexual escapades. Harold Weber in The Restoration Rake-Hero explains that "most rakes possess little identity outside of the love game, their lives responding largely to the rhythms of courtship and seduction, pursuit and conquest, foreplay and release" (Weber 3). However, as Weber further points out "the rake is too complex and enigmatic a figure to be reduced to a sexual machine: his love of disguise, need for freedom, and fondness for play all establish the complexity of the rakish personality" (Weber 3). The rake’s sexual desires can be seen as a call for freedom and a break from social order. He balks at the idea of marriage and family in pursuit of personal gratification. While a common characteristic of the rake is his pursuit of personal gratification there are a number of d ifferent types of rakes: the Hobbesian libertine, best explained by Horner in The Country Wife; the philosophical libertine, seen through th... ...rake was so strong that he continues to influence the perception of masculinity well in the twentieth century. Charlotte Bronte was attracted to rake model of masculinity and modeled Edward Rochester after this Restoration figure.       Works Cited Cohan, Steven M. "Clarissa and the Individuation of Character." ELH 43 (1976): 163-183. Johnson, Samuel. The Life of Cowley. The Penn State Archive of Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the Poets. Ed. Kathleen Nulton Kemmerer. 3 March 2003. Norman, Charles. Rake Rochester. New York: Crown, 1954. Weber, Harold. The Restoration Rake-Hero: Transformations in Sexual Understanding in Seventeeth-Century England. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1986. "William Hogarth and Eighteenth-Century Print Culture." Northwestern University. 10 March 2003. "William Hogarth: A Rake’s Progress." Haley & Steele. 10 March 2003.

Climate Change Essay

To put it in its simplest terms, climate change refers to the long term change in the earth’s temperature, particularly an increase in the average atmospheric temperature (Dictionary.com). Although there are some natural causes for climate change, most scientists are in agreement that humans are at least in part responsible for some of the effects we have already seen and must therefore take corrective action immediately to slow the process before it is too late and irreversible catastrophic damage has been done. The consequences of climate change, also known as global warming include extreme weather instances such as extensive drought, severe hurricanes and tornadoes, increased wild fires and melting of the polar caps (dosomething.org). In addition, there are hotter, longer lasting heat waves causing added health issues and even death, especially to the already frail elderly or those who are already sick and may be more easily susceptible to health risks (dosomething.org). Si nce 1870, sea levels have risen by about eight inches globally. Coral reefs are in danger due to the warmer water temperatures and higher sea levels. The coral reefs are lacking the sun they need to thrive and are becoming diseased. Here in the United States, temperatures have risen by two degrees over the last 50 years and precipitation is up by 5% (dosometing.org). According to Motherjones.com, the 2000’s was the hottest decade on record in the US and 2012 was the hottest year ever. With the rise of sea levels, comes the loss of land across the world. Globally the average land loss is eight inches. What that means to America is we are shrinking. Those in danger are people who live closest to the shoreline. It varies storm by storm, but those living closest to the shoreline during each mega storm, such as Hurricane Sandy, are in critical danger of losing not only their personal property and their lives but the actual earth beneath their feet. Everything could all be swept away by the wind and sea. There are currently almost five million A mericans living within four feet of the ocean at high tide. It is expected that over the next century, sea levels will rise by anywhere from one to four feet (Motherjones.com). Climate change affects rainfall as well and it can be devastating. A warmer planet means the air can hold more water vapor. That means when it rains it pours. The United States has seen record precipitation and flooding â€Å"significantly above average†Ã‚  (Motherjones.com), especially since 1991. The Northeast alone has seen a 71% increase in precipitation since 1958 (Motherjones.com). Nowhere has climate change left its mark more so than in Alaska. Due to melting glaciers no longer insulating the land, arctic storms are battering the now unshielded coastline that used to be protected by the now steadily melting glaciers. Additionally, 80% of the state has permafrost beneath its surface and as it thaws, the ground is literally giving way causing damage to roads and infrastructure. Currently, Alaska is spending about $10 million annually in repairs due to permafrost thawing and is projecting $5.6 to 7.6 billion for infrastructure repairs by 2080 (Motherjones.com). Extreme heat waves are becoming commonplace. Texas had one of the â€Å"hottest and driest summers on record† (Motherjones.com) in 2011 reaching over 100 degrees for 40 days in a row. It’s projected that if we continue on the same path, we could have a â€Å"once every 20 years extreme heat day† every two to three years by the year 2100 (Motherjones.com). In addition, we are feeling some of the driest conditions we’ve experienced in some 800 years. This has resulted in a loss to agriculture of as much as $10 billion in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 & 2012 (Motherjones.com). Because we have more heat and drought, we have the potential for more wildfires. We have had record setting wildfires in both 2007 and 2011. And to make matters worse, these very wildfires, as dangerous and deadly as they are also add to the climate change problem. Wildfires actually release more carbon from the ground and only make the climate problem even worse. According to Mothorjones.com, â€Å"a single large fire in 2007 released as much carbon to the atmosphere as had been absorbed by the entire circumpolar Arctic tundra during the previous quarter century,† (Motherjones.com). There are some natural causes of climate change that we can do nothing about, but we have fast tracked global warming since the start of the industrial revolution. While volcanoes and solar patterns certainly are a small contributor to climate change, humans make a much greater impact. Due to deforestation and the massive amounts of fossil fuels consumed, there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than at any point in the last 800,000 years (Dosomething.com). Carbon dioxide is widely believed to be the most harmful of all greenhouse gasses. The US alone emits approximately 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide every year; 40% of which comes from power plants. As early as the 1700’s, we began emitting  more and more greenhouse gasses, mainly carbon dioxide by using coal, oil and gas to run our cars, trucks and factories (Dosomething.com). It is the increasing use of fossil fuel along with deforestation that is keeping greenhouse gasses closer to the earth not allowing it to escape the atmosphere thereby raising the earth’s temperature (Dosomething.com). We can’t fix this problem overnight, but the solution begins with us. The NRDC, National Resources Defense Council suggests a five step plan to insure a longer lasting planet for our children and we must begin today. 1. Set Limits on Global Pollution 2. Invest in Green Jobs and Clean Energy 3. Drive Smarter Cars 4. Create Green Homes and Buildings 5. Build Better Communities and Transportation Networks Some of these steps are already in place. Take for instance the Clean Air Act which established emissions and fuel economy standards for all cars. For power plants and factories, the impact could be as great as 560 million tons of carbon per year by 2026 under the Act. This is estimated to avoid anywhere from $25-60 billion in health costs (NRDC.com). Another great option is electric cars. They save on carbon emissions because they do not require gas to run. They are also cheaper to run for that very same reason. Case in point: Paul Scott from Santa Monica, CA bought an all-electric version of the Toyota Rav4 in 2002. It runs purely on sunlight and he charges the battery with the solar panels he heats his home with so essentially it costs him nothing to run. He hasn’t been to a gas station in 12 years (NRDC.com). If you can’t afford a new electric vehicle, at least you should be driving a high-mileage vehicle to cut down on emissions. Drive only what you need. We must cut down our dependence on oil and thereby reduce our consumption of fossil fuel. We can invest in retrofitting our homes; install energy star appliances, insulation and seal leaks where cool and warm air is escaping. This can save hundreds to over a thousand dollars annually to the homeowner but if just one in five American homes were retrofitted to save energy, we could avoid the need to build 13 mid-sized power plants every year. On a national level, we could cut as much carbon pollution as taking half a million cars off the road if every  house in America were energy efficient (NRDC.com). There are folks who believe global warming is a fallacy or work of fiction; people who think that because of the recent cold weather that we experienced in the Winter of 2013 and 2014, the Polar Vortex for example that global warmi ng cannot possible be real. These are people who have done no research or who do not have any facts. That very cold trend was a result of climate change (Climtecentral.org). There are also those that will cite â€Å"facts and myths† and counter with their own version of beliefs. They simply do not want to believe what is so vastly evident in research. Robert M. Carter, a research professor has written a myth v. fact document (globalresearch.ca) disputing the facts. Everyone is entitled to their opinion; that’s what makes our country so great. Based on my research, it is my belief that humans are in fact greatly responsible for the increase in climate change. Global warming is probably the wrong terminology and it makes perfect sense that it has been updated to climate change however there are still skeptics. There probably will always be nonbelievers. But I feel the data is undisputable. It is up to us to make the necessary changes before it is too late. We must make changes or we could face dire consequences. There are so many ways each individual can make small changes. Every one of us must do our part and we must begin today! Your new America (observed temperature changes over the last 22 years). National Climate Assessment. Source: Motherjones.com, National Climate Assessment Reference List 1. Multiple sources. (date unavail.). 11 Facts About Global Warming. www.DoSomething.Org. Retrieved from https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-global-warming 2. Carter, Robert N. (2009, Dec. 9). www.Globalresearch.org. Global Warming: Ten Facts and 10 Myths on Climate Change. Retrieved from http://www.globalresearch.ca/copenhagen-and-global-warming-ten-facts-and-ten-myths-on-climate-change/16467 3. Mooney, Chris. (2014, May 6).

Hnc Accounts †Business Law Outcome Essay

There are two institutions in the UK that have the power to make statutory legislation in Scotland. The first of these institutions is Westminster (London) where elected individuals serve in the House of Commons. These members are known as MP’s (Members of Parliament). Parliament is responsible for passing new laws (legislation). In the late nineties the House of Commons allowed the passing of devolved powers to the newly created Scottish Parliament. Only certain powers were transferred to Holyrood and Westminster still control the laws that govern Tax, National Security and many others. Westminster is still regarded as Primary Legislation. This means that any law made by Westminster in reserved matters of policy must be adhered to by the Scottish Parliament. The second of these institutions is Holyrood (Edinburgh) where 129 elected individuals serve in the Scottish Parliament. These members are known as MSP’s (Members of Scottish Parliament). The Scottish Parliament was created on the 11th Sept 1997. The voters in Scotland took part in a referendum where they voted on a Devolved Scottish Parliament. This meant that Westminster would allow this devolved parliament to create laws in certain areas of policy. The Scottish people voted for a devolved parliament and the devolved powers were transferred from Westminster to The Scottish Parliament on the 1st July 1999. Westminster reserved certain powers that still govern many areas of Scotland today but the devolved powers allow Scotland to pass laws and regulate in areas such as Agriculture, Health and Housing to name a few. The process of making primary legislation in the UK follows a very strict procedure of three distinct stages. An MP, Lord or a member of the public can raise a bill to suggest a change of law (legislation). The first stage  of the process involves a parliamentary committee of members. They will review the bill and decide whether it moves to the second stage. The second stage allows amendments to the bill and allows the bill to be scrutinized by the committee and member. If the bill passes this stage then the third stage involves a member vote. If a majority of the members vote for the bill then the bill will be passed and presented to the Queen to receive a Royal Assent. The bill is now law. Common Law has a major role in Scots law today and it draws on four separate elements. Common Law is often referred to as the ‘Unwritten Law’ or ‘Historical Law’. This unwritten law has developed over centuries and draws from different sources. 1. Common law is based on Equity. Equity is the process of allowing judges to apply fairness or justice when there is no legislation to refer to. They must base these decisions on fairness and equality for all. When the judge follows this process of Equity he/she is actually making the law. This is called Precedent and we will talk about this in more detail in point 4. 2. Common law is also based on Institutional Writing. Centuries ago men of a higher class would finish their schooling in the various cities of Europe. These men would learn the laws of other countries and on their return to their estates in the UK would write about these laws and use them to govern their own estates. Institutional Writings no longer hold the authority as days gone by as Government Legislation and Judicial Precedent are supreme and overrule Institutional writings if they are based on similar cases. 3. Common Law is also based on Custom. Custom is when over a long period of time a particular habit is recognized by the people or social grouping. An example of this would be ‘common law husband’ where the couple are not in fact married but have lived as such so therefore the man would be entitled to the same rights as a legal husband. 4. The most important piece of common law in the courts today is Judicial Precedent. Judicial Precedent is where a judge or jury has no other legislation or act of parliament to decide a particular dispute and any decision they make will be followed in the future for any other similar disputes. A precedent can only be superseded by a higher court, government legislation or act of  parliament. Judicial Precedent tries to keep the law stable. Consistency through the court system is vital when trying to uphold the virtues of Fairness and Equality. The four key institutions of the European Union are the Council of Ministers, European Parliament, European Court of Justice and the European Commission. Each of these institutions has a representative from each member nation to allow a voice from each of the member states. The European Commission along with the Council of Ministers can change and amend laws within the European states. The Commission, unlike The Council of Ministers, has the power to change Regulations and issue Directives (these are orders passed by the European Commission or The Council of Ministers to ensure legislation is implemented within all the member states). If a state, company or persons break or do not comply with European law then it is the European Commission who will raise a court action against those who are not complying. The Council of Ministers is the legislative body of the EU. They are head of decision making and law/regulation introduction in the EU. They are the most powerful of all the institutions in Europe. Although the Council has the highest power there are still areas of legislation that the Council cannot pass with the advisory input of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is to advise and make recommendations to the Council of Ministers in various areas of legislation. They will review any piece of legislation or directive and give their opinions on the matter. If the Commission does not implement the recommendations of the Parliament then they must advise why they have not done so. The Parliament cannot change, implement or make European law and are there solely as an advisory Parliament. The European Court of Justice is the highest court within the European states on Community law (laws that have been issued by the Commission or Council of Ministers). If a state, company or persons fail to abide by the regulations  and directives issued by the Commission then it is the Court of Justice responsibility to ensure the law is observed. The Commission will initiate the proceedings and allow the member state an opportunity to defend itself against the complaint. If that process does not result in the breach being rectified the action will then go to the Courts of Justice. There are two main types of European Legislation. They are Directive & Regulation. 1. Directive legislation allows the European Commission to give a timescale for a piece to legislation to be introduced. Directives are issued to ensure that law is common throughout the European Countries. They keep the peoples equality to fairness and equality protected throughout the member states. If a country does not adhere to these directives sanctions can be issued. 2. Regulation Legislation is required in an emergency situation or crisis. They must be acted upon immediately by the state that the order is against. An example of this would be the BSE crisis in the 90’s when an immediate ban was put on the importing and exporting of beef from the UK. All member states had to adhere to this regulation to ensure that British beef stocks did not contaminate the other member states beef stock.

How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Research Paper While writing research papers you often ask yourself Students usually face problem while writing a research paper because they do not know how to write a research paper. If you also do not know how to write a research paper, don’t worry and consider the following guidelines to know about writing a research paper: 1. As is evident from the name â€Å"research paper† that you will need to do a lot of research for the research area of your research paper. Always try to select a topic that is of your interest so that you may like the process during which you are conducting your research. 2. For writing a good research paper, assemble all the details in one place and also keep in consideration your research strategy. If you are doing quantitative research, you have to get data and information from people’s responses and other ways by which you will come to know about the quantitative reports about your research topic. In case of qualitative research, you have to see the background works of people on the same topic for which you are writing. 3. Literature review plays an important role in a research paper as it informs about the previous researches and views of people who have already done work on the same research area or related to that research area. For qualitative as well as quantitative research, literature review plays an important role. Qualitative research is based on literature review but quantitative research only reports it as a help for the conduction of research. 4. A result analysis is a must part in a research paper because it informs about all the research that you have performed to reach at a result. You have to indicate all the research that you have done in the result analysis and draw a result out of your researched area. 5. Now you know how to write a good research paper.

Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids

Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids Need a good sample term paper on cholesterol and lipids? unites thousands of students from all over the world and native English language speakers. If you need individual help with writing, do not hesitate to use our custom term paper writing service. You may also check our free paper blog and look through our free term paper samples! Our writers can handle any term paper topic and deliver a professionally written term paper before deadline! Sample Term Paper on Cholesterol Abnormal liver tests consist of mild-to-moderate elevations of ALT and AST but marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase levels, reflecting interference with bile drainage. This pattern is also seen in other forms of obstruction to bile flow, and these must be ruled out when PBC is considered. Cholesterol and lipids cannot be secreted normally for the same reason and accumulate in the blood. Serum gammaglobulin levels are variably elevated. In PBC, it is the IgM type that are characteristically (but not invariably) increased. In this disease, the IgM globulins never become IgG type, as is true in infectious diseases. Serum bilirubin is not elevated until late in the disease. Liver biopsy is often necessary to differentiate this disease from several others that can be accompanied by similar liver test abnormalities. The destruction of small bile ducts can be recognized under the microscope, as can other findings associated with this disease. Fibrosis is present in variable amounts. Cirrhosis may be present when PBC is first discovered. Unfortunately, treatment of PBC is not satisfactory. Corticosteroids and azathioprine have been prospectively evaluated and found to have little effect. The former worsens the bone disease known to be present and thus is not used. Another drug that suppresses the immune system, methotrexate, has been used in an experimental setting with only moderate and largely unsatisfactory effectiveness. At the present time, it appears that only the synthetic bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall or Ursodiol) delays progression of this disease. It is given as tablets in divided doses for a total dose of 900 to 1000 mg. per day. Vitamin D and calcium supplements are advisable, because, in this disease and for unclear reasons, the metabolism of ingested vitamin D by the diseased liver is deficient. It has been observed that the resulting bone disease seen in PBC can be prevented by ingestion of this vitamin. Prognosis of PBC varies. Some patients never develop cirrhosis, while in others it progresses relatively rapidly. Liver tests are closely monitored. When the serum bilirubin becomes elevated and is consistently above a level of 3 mg/dL, evaluation for liver transplantation is recommended. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is considered to be another form of autoimmune hepatitis of the liver, although the underlying mechanism has not been definitively identified. It is characterized by inflammation in multiple scattered areas of larger bile ducts, in contrast to PBC, in which the smallest ducts are attacked.

The questions below related to Managerial Economics Essay

The questions below related to Managerial Economics - Essay Example Through anchoring people are often overly influenced by outside suggestion. People can be influenced even when they know that the suggestion is not being made by someone who is better informed. (Kahneman & Tversky, 1999). Besides Expected Utility theory also do not seem to be in conformity with the rationality. The famous experiments conducted by Tversky and Kahneman suggested a revolutionary shift from the expected utility theory and clearly suggested than we humans are not essentially rational. These experiments were: We don’t always seem to be behaving according to rationality. The deviation from the rationality seems to be due to Satisficing and heuristics effects. The use of heuristics as a cognitive framework can lead us to errors and similarly satificing seems to be denying the rationality also. The phenomenon of self deception under which a person seems to be acting against what is expected. (Kakures, 1996) Thus the notion that whether a consumer is rational or not is little bit arbitrary in nature as consumers show both tendencies of rationality as well irrationality. Rationally in the sense that consumers considering their limited income, choices, risk appetite, take decisions so that utility is maximized however on the same hand consumers tend to involve themselves into impulse buying and all related activities which potentially point towards the irrational behavior of consumers. Rational thinking can define behavior like impulse buying etc due to the fact that consumers perceive value. There is also a phenomenon called framing effect which basically outlines that we decide differently depending on how we frame the decision based on the losses and gains. (Wang & Fischbeck, 2004). Thus if consumers perceive any gain or loss from making the purchase whether that purchase is rationally made or not is based on how she frames her decision

Disposal of Industrial Wastewater and Alternatives Essay

Disposal of Industrial Wastewater and Alternatives - Essay Example It is not surprising to meet industrial sewer water spilling on the surface. Notably, no one seems to see the impact that the industrial sewer water has to the society. Water serves the society in almost all aspects. Arguably, industrial functions, domestic functions, and environmental functions require water. This certainly means that all process in both environmental setup and industrial set up require water. It is right, therefore, to argue that water is the source of human livelihood. That well said, environmentalists argue in favor of processes or activities that preserve sources of water. Constant awareness creation has acted in the recent past as a tool that used by the environmentalists to enlighten the society about the consciousness in preserving nature. On the other hand, development conscious think tanks work proposals that aim at creating more opportunity that would lead to development.   Industrialization and activities relating to it have often featured in their-ever-changing- development agenda. Industrialists site a number of reasons that support their course in the society. First, industrialization creates opportunities for the society such as employment. These opportunities promote the well-being of the society. Second, promoting industrialization ideology creates an opportunity for trade among countries or states. Trade brings products to the proximity of the consumers. What would happen when there is no trade? Would people be able to get products they need in the society? Holding social fabrics together entails a number of factors, which must promote the existence of people. Do we argue that environment has limited opportunities to offer to humankind? Probably not, but exhausting the opportunities in the environment would create a detrimental outcome to the society.

Grammy Nominees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grammy Nominees - Essay Example The lyrics to this powerful melody are pleading, calming and contemplative. They are words the audience identifies with easily. The signature banjo beat adopted in the song gives it a developed alternative rock sound (Natasha, 1). The band remains true to their sound while capturing a wide fan base. The use of upbeat instruments creates hope for the rather sorrowful lyrics. This is especially appropriate as the song it titled, â€Å"I will wait†. Snoop Dog & Wiz Khalifa featuring Bruno Mars deliver â€Å"Young, Wild and Free† in a simplified manner that earns the song the top vote in the Rap category. The song contains one of the most catchy choruses of the year behind that of â€Å"We are Young† by Fun. Bruno Mars’ vocal infusion to the chorus softens the track. The collaborative effort between Wiz Khalifa and Snoop is blended, continuous and refined. The song is memorable beyond several hip hop songs. Miguel captures the attention of the world with his song â€Å"Adorn†. It gets the best R&B song as a result of its soulful feel. The song is intimate and sincere. The video delivers the songs most powerful elements alongside Miguel’s powerful voice. The song’s quality makes it a track that will remain relevant for several years to come. It elevates Miguel from an underdog R&B singer to a top performer. â€Å"Even if it Breaks your Heart† by Eli Young Band wins the Best Country Song. The track depicts the essence of optimism and resilience in failure. It is a great lesson for the audience. The track is well developed with great musical instruments and vocals. The winning point for the song is the poetic lyrics that pushes composition boundaries (Dukes, 1). The Best Gospel Song vote goes to Marvin Sapp with his song, â€Å"My Testimony†. It is an autobiographical account of the singer’s struggle with the death of his wife following a long battle with cancer. The song is soulful, hopeful and inspiring. The powerful lyrics captivate the listener

Studying Peter Hunts Motivation To Children English Literature Essay

Studying Peter Hunts Motivation To Children English Literature Essay Peter Hunt writes that some idea of a child or childhood motivates writers and determines both the form and content of what they write (2009a, p13). Prompting that an authors choice of book type and content stems from their image of the child they are writing for, elements of which come from their own ideology of society and childhood often shaped by their own lifestyles. It is arguable however if the authors idea of childhood is indeed their motivation or if there are other factors in their writing that point to an additional agenda. In considering Hunts statement we will see the changing childhood ideologies of Victorian and postmodern realism in Louisa May Alcotts, Little Women (1868), and Melvin Burgesss Junk (1996), and also the differing concept of childhood in fantasy literature with Phil Pullmans, Northern Lights (2004). It is also significant to discover what constitutes the authors notion of childhood in their books, and if there are external elements which can shape the co ntent and form of childrens books such as mass marketing and the commodifying of children. Early childrens literature was highly didactic and as Zipes (2009) suggests even the earliest renderings of fairytales were designed to turn children into the type of adults their societies would prefer. Its First Golden Age from the later half of the nineteenth century introduced a change in how we viewed children, we began to celebrate the joys of childhood, (Carpenter, 2009) the most notable books entertained and also gave their readers a sense of empowerment and individuality. An example of such a novel is Louisa May Alcotts Little Women, following the narrative tradition of domestic and informative stories for girls such as Sarah Fieldings The Governess (1749), and ostensibly remaining within the conservative restrictions of her era, Alcott presents the contemporary life of four sisters growing up during the American civil war. Her book, written as a request by her publisher to fill a niche in the market, is to all appearances moralistic and patriarchal. The title, as phrased by the childrens father little women'(Alcott,1868, p12)  [1]  exemplifies the Victorian ideal of childhood, where children were seen as miniature adults and taught the puritan morals to be dutiful , obedient , hard-working and God-fearing (Styles,2009), puritan John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress(1678) is used extensively throughout the book . Little Womens third person omniscient narration is also in quite a condescending adult voice effecting to keep the March girls as children who need guidance, even when they mature, Amys lecture did Laurie good, though, of course, he did not own it till long afterward (LW, p384).The narrators frequent interjections with opinions and views guides the readers into making the required conclusions, thereby giving instruction to its girl readership on how to be good wives and mothers. Arguably however as Fetterley (2009) suggests there are statements within the novel that portray an undercurrent of ambivalence, showing Alcotts perhaps true feelings to opportunities available according to gender and class, depicted primarily in her portrayal of Jo an antagonistic of the submissive young girl of the times. Alcott herself was rather an oddity of her time, a spinster, woman activist and the family breadwinner, her motivation to write was often purely financial (Alderson, 2008). Accordingly Jo is often seen as based on Alcott, portrayed as a talented headstrong writer, Beths words You are the gull, Jo, strong and wild, fond of the storm and the wind, flying far out to sea, and happy all alone.'(LW, p361), echo Alcotts own lifestyle, yet could also be seen as advice to her girl readers to embrace their freedom, rather than their expected domesticity. Even the outwardly repressive marmee, and her ideas of marriage the sweetest chapter in the romance of womanhood (LW, p95), also states better be happy old maids than unhappy wives'(LW, p95). She also occasionally shows her ambivalence to her life, Mother isnt sick, only very tired, (LW, p 109), as Hannah their housemaid points out housekeeping aint no joke (LW, p109) and as Alcott is perhaps trying highlight, domesticity is not so wonderful a role to aspire to. Alcott quite understandably given her precincts denied any subversion in her novel yet it is arguable that it contains many instances of her own childhood. In her journal she recalls the daily drudgery and struggle of her mother as she strived to sustain her family while her father as in LW gave little help (Alderson, 2008). Alcott used the then accepted ideal of the quintessential patriarchal Victorian family childhood and her own family memories to give form and content to her book. The March girls are lost in their own wonderful family plays and games, a loving safe playful family unit that nurtured and trained the child, giving much needed stability to a society shaken by war. This was not however Alcotts only motivation, she disliked her own novel as she says I do not enjoy writing moral tales for the you ng, I do it because it pays well (Alcott cited in Alderson, 2008, pxxiii), and her covert messages of rebellion, portray distaste in the directives which shape the young, especially girls, to be compliant adults. Her novel is also motivated and shaped by her social stance on opportunities available to the gender, class and race of her time, Little Women represents childhood as preparing for future roles, yet covertly it also uses its representation with the potential to disturb societal expectations. Over a century later Melvin Burgess again fills a publisher recognised niche in the teenage market also focusing on the adolescent experience, Junk is unrestrained from nineteenth century conservatism in its graphic depiction of the fall of two runaways into prostitution and drugs. Burgess states children or young people should read about their lives not idealistically but as they really are, his characters are not invented but based on his memories of real people, he also does not preach to his readers yet allows them to evolve their own conclusions, (Burgess, 2009). It has been said Junk neither glamorises nor demonises drug addiction (Falconer, 2009, p375), yet Junk conceals a strong sense of morality within its text, its principles obscured so the book appears to be non didactic or opinionated and so appeal to Burgesses idea of the modern teenager. Junks individual character narration lends to a documentary style of neutrality, yet textual guides bring the reader to the required conclusions, as Tar says If you dont mind not reaching twenty theres no argument against heroin, is there?'(Burgess, 1996, p166)  [2]  , Gemma is the spoilt little runaway child How do you think her parents feel? asked Vonny. They were just keeping her in. Its not like Tar is it?'(Junk, p75). The events have a moralistic ending, Gemma recognises they have all been deceiving themselves and condemns them all to their fate; her own is to be a single mother. Such reality based writing lends itself as Tucker(2009) says to the authors belief that childhood is primarily a transitional stage leading to adulthood giving readers the truth is seen as providing them with an important aid to their own eventual better understanding of themselves and others (p190). Junk follows this form well, Burgess gives his child readers autonomy in interpretation, viewing them not as innocents, but inexperienced young people, who need empowerment and guidance to make the right decisions. As we have seen i t is impossible to read Junk and come out defending heroin or the runaway, it could be said that Burgess brings Alcotts moral tale for the young into todays modern world. Yet in challenging the ideology of the innocent child, Junks view of childhood is at the opposite end of the spectrum to that of Little Women, he dispels the nostalgic innocence critics connect with childhood. His explicitness Lily said, Ive been a little prossie for half an hour (Junk, p158) foregrounds how altering conceptions of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can cause both controversy and anxiety among consumers (Squires, 2009, p189), leading to Burgess having to defend his authorial intent over the charge of sensationalism. In response to criticism from Anne Fines, and defending the explicit nature of his books, Burgess says Underneath Annes whole article is that same nasty sneer I remember from when I was small How revolting. Arent you a dirty little boy? the same attitude which was exactly what made me want to write the thing in the first place (Burgess, 2004). It could then be suggested that part of his motivation was indeed to rebel against as he calls it the moral majority (Burg ess, 2009, p317), and stretch the boundaries of appropriate childhood reading matter. Nevertheless saying that drugs and underage sex are what teenagers want to read about could perhaps show that Burgess himself has a distorted idea of todays childhood. An idea he needed to uphold in order to construct his model of the non-reading (conceivably moronic) teenager and defend the sensationalism of his novel, he is perhaps modelling his child to suit the aspirations of his book. Junks content worked as a hook for his teenage audience and also generated him much publicity, conceivably showing another aspect of his motivation, content and form set to shock the critics, produce an outcry and gain him notoriety, all in addition to providing teenagers realistic age related literature. His post modern realism , takes the assumption that children are not innocent, but they still need guidance, also that in order to connect with todays child , this guidance must be hidden allowing the reader per ceived autonomy in their decisions. Burgess also shows a sad irony in the loss of childhood, Gemma wanted a slice of life'(Junk, p161) but could only find this in leaving home, unlike the March girls, in Junk childhood was something to be quickly left behind in order to really live. An authors understanding of childhood as Hunt says can influence the form of their writing , those who see childhood more as an end to itself may prefer literature that is clearly more fantasy based (Tucker, 2009, p190). Phil Pullmans Northern Lights conforms to this ideology using a fantasy world to rewrite the biblical story of creation. Eighteenth century philosopher Rousseau stated that Nature wants children to be children before they are men (Jenks, cited in Hunt, 2009, p23), he believed childhood should be a time of innocence , with children allowed to grow at their own pace not forced into civilisation. Pullmans similar view on childhood freedom is apparent in Northern Lights , Lyra is safe and happy in the freedom of Jordon College, What she liked best was clambering over the college roofs'(Pullman, 2004, p36)  [3]  , as she grows her freedom is stifled by the intervention of her mother, state and church . Poet William Blake also used Rousseaus concept of natural innocence, corrupted by adult intervention, and Pullman uses Blakes contraries and commentary on Miltons Paradise Lost to reverse the morality of the biblical fall to celebrate knowledge (Squires, 2009, p278). He advocates the co-existence of good and evil (body and soul) and free will, which the church refuses to, acknowledge (Bird, 2009, p264). As such Northern Lights, casts an unfavourable light on how religious fundamentalism suppresses knowledge, the Magisterium symbolising the church is shown as repression and death, killing the children whose souls or daemons it removes as it endeavors to preserve innocence all that happens is a little cut, and then everythings peaceful .For Ever!at the age we call pubertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦daemons bring all sorts of troublesome thoughts and feelings (NL, p283). Pullmans idea of the child is shown in Lyra, her innocence and freedom of mind give her the ability, unlike adults, to easily read the alethiometer, Lyras childlike state'(Squires,2009, p281) when reading makes her feel like a young bird learning to fly'(NL, p152). Which is a suitable metaphor for how she represents Pullmans main concepts of innocence and experience, seeing similar attributes in young people giving them the ability to deal with significant issues free from outside influence; as he says he hopes that young readers will finish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦having gained the understanding that trusting ones own thoughts and feelings is an essential part of self-discovery and growing up (Travis, 2010). Through his use of the fantasy form Pullman is able to transgress difficult subject areas normally out of bounds within a childrens book, capturing his young readers imaginations while keeping the stark realities of his metaphors at bay. He insists on realism and the real implications of his fantasy stories (Wood, 2009, p274), exhorting his readers to take an activist role in creating the world that they want. So saying If I write fantasy, its only because by using the mechanisms of fantasy I can say something a little more vividly about, for example the business of growing up (Rustin and Rustin , 2003 ,cited in Montgomery, 2009, p255). Within Northern Lights, Pullman shows Lyras growth from innocence, he demonstrates the malleability of childhood with the changing form of the childrens daemons that represent their character , which set at puberty into the type of person they are, for example he was a servant , so she [the daemon] , was a dog (NL, p7). Pullman promotes childhood as an innocent time when children are impressionable and make the important decisions that mould their moral fibre, he follows the traditional pattern of childhood freedom, as seen in the like of Ransomes Swallows and Amazons() as the children create their own idyllic morally responsible world (Squires, 2009, p282). Northern Lights uses the Magisterium to establish anti-religious ideology and shows the infallibility of religion in that Lyras saviours are those marginalised and demonised by society; the non religious gyptians (gypsies), risk all to rescue the children, and the witches save their lives in the final battle. Such radical views may seem better placed in adult literature yet as Reynolds (2009) informs avoiding cultural spotlight is one reason why writers may find themselves drawn to write for children (p109). Pullman may be using childrens literature as a vehicle to publicly air his opinions on religious fundamentalism safely hidden within childrens fantasy, to a less judgmental audience. It could be that Pullman simply finds this medium more liberating; however Northern Lights also manipulates its readers opinions in line with Pullmans, ultimately, as with Junks evils of heroin, the reader cannot fail to see the Magisterium as the evil villain. Pullmans use of fantasy fiction proves he can more succinctly air his own opinions, and he could be seen as using the medium of childrens literature in the same way. As he states there are some themes, some subjects too large for adult fiction; they can only be dealt with adequately in a childrens book (Pullman, cited in Falconer, 2009, p378). His view on how we underestimate the potential of the young in order to maintain our own nostalgic view of childhood has certainly shaped the form and content of his book. Reynolds (2009) informs that childhood is a time to negotiate and find a place in society, yet more so with Northern Lights it is also about developing individual potential suited to a future in which societies could be different in some significant ways'(p100). It could perhaps then also be said that Alcott, Burgess and Pullmans motivation to write for children is also their aspiration to create a better society, So Lyra and her daemon turned away from the world they were born in, and looked towards the sun, and walked into the sky (NL, 397). As authors draw on their ideals to write for their audience, it is the book publishers who set the market trends and decide what children would like to read and subsequently influence what an author writes, an area touched upon with LW and Junk. Twenty first century novels show a commodification of childrens literature (Squires, 2009), in which we also see the decline of the individual author with publishers such as Working Partners, where a storyline is created by a conglomerate of author /editors then given to a writer to create the book (EA300, DVD2). Thus providing a quick turnaround and commercial sense but little scope for individual ingenuity and signifying that as Hunt (2009b) says, the cart of marketing, is driving the horse of creativity (p81). A further consideration on external influence is the competition from digital media, which as Burgess (2009) says also has a great impact on what children are exposed to, compounding the difficulty in producing literature that appeal s to the modern child ,a fact he uses to support his hard hitting realism. Childrens literature has been seen to catalogue social, economical and political changes, embolic of societys view of childhood (Hunt, 2009b, p71), a view set as the gate keeping adult world considers what children need to read, putting additional pressure for authors to produce the right book. In conclusion to Hunts statement, it would seem that in order to write a childrens book, the author must indeed have an idea of the child they are writing for, and this determines the form and content of their novel. Yet as we have seen they are also motivated by their own additional agendas, and this can lead to their constructed child being modified for their own purposes and also manipulated by the forces of modern media and marketing. This contributes to the complexity and often popularity of a novel that can then be read on many levels, Pullman could be seen as writing a religious allegory, propaganda or an adolescence adventure story. Authors still have their own view of what childhood should be, and incorporate this into how they believe it is or wish it to be seen. Our realistic view of the modern child is radically different from earlier popular books, such as Little Women, or Swallows and Amazons and as contemporary writers make efforts to loose the nostalgic view of childh ood innocence, there is also the concern that we are now ending childhood too soon, and as Jacqueline Wilson says forcing children to conform to societys teenage image (EA300, DVD2). Yet from Little Womens childish carefree plays to Junks depiction that children are now living real life adventures, we find that, as Lyra does, there is still always hope in childrens books. Childrens literature as Hunt (2009a) says shows what society thinks of childhood, and also what the author and we as adults need to believe it represents.